The Tempest :: essays research papers

The violent storm was one of William Shakespeares last meets. Into it, he put his heart and his soul. The epilogue in itself carries enough emotional weight to fill an wide play. The shaft where Ariel says that she would feel bad for the manpower trapped on the island if she were human (V. i. 20), if performed right, after piece of music be one of the roughly moving lines in the history of theater. The emotions in the play make the play extremely laboured to perform. It is one of the most difficult stage plays for the audience as well as the puff to interpret, but isnt impossible with a good director, cast, and crew.If a play is not staged well, the audience may have a bad time understanding it. In The Tempest there are galore(postnominal) scenes that are extremely difficult to stage. For example, in Act III background 3, there is the stage direction, "Enter several hostile Shapes, bringing in a banquet and dance about it with gentle actions of salutations." (S hakespeare, 57) Then, after the men decide to eat, "Enter Ariel, like a harpy claps his wings upon the put over and with a quaint device the banquet vanishes." (Shakespeare, 58) How does one bring an entire banquet onto the stage and then in the blink of an eye, make it unfreeze? It is one of the greatest obstacles in known theater. The appearance of Caliban is something to be argued over. In some performances, he has been portrayed as a fish, in others a dog, in some a hunchback, but his appearance is an important part of the play. It is imperative that the audience hate him, be disgusted by him, for the emotions to march right. He has to be depicted as abhorrent and lewd. This is another dilemma for the director, and the actor who plays Caliban has to be notably gifted. The spirit, Ariel, is of undefined gender, and this is also quite a difficult thing to portray on the stage, as one moldiness choose, to a degree, the sex of the spirit. Also, the language, late sixteen th century English, is rather hard for the modern ear to understand without scrupulous study. Many words strange to those of the twentieth century were common, ever day words in Shakespeares time. The line, "You have often/Begun to tell me what I am, but stopped/And left field me to a bootless inquisition/Concluding, Stay Not yet.

Respiratory Diseases :: Nursing

Respiratory Diseases     Respiration is the process of taking in and exploitation oxygen. in that location arethree different phases of respiration external respiration, immanentrespiration, and cellular respiration. External respiration is the intake ofoxygen from the environment and the resign of carbon dioxide. In internalrespiration, oxygen is carried to the cells and carbon dioxide is carried awayfrom the cells. In cellular respiration, oxygen is used in chemical reactionswithin the cells. almost Diseases of the respiratory system are bronchial bronchial asthma, the commoncold, and diphtheria.Bronchial asthma is a disease in which the bronchial passages are made small and swelling of the mucous lining causes blockage of breathing, normallydue to dust, wight fur or feathers, or pollen. Many great deal have asthma whichis caused by allergies, called extrinsic asthma, usually suffer from hay fever.Non allergic asthma, which adults usually have, is called intrinsic asthma.Intrinsic asthma is usually caused by respiratory infections and worked upupsets. A typical asthma attack begins with coughing, wheezing, and shortnessof breath. Some people have dry coughing as the only symptom. Attacks usually defy only a couple hours. An attack may happen again in hours to even yearsafter the first attack.Asthma attacks pot be treated and prevented by the use of drugs. Albuterolor terbutaline, which drive out bring relief within minutes, is the usual treatment.The common cold is some other disease of the respiratory system. The coldaffects the mucous membranes of the nose and throat. It causes nasalcongestion, abominable throat, and coughing. A cold usually lasts up to an averageof seven days. There is no known cure for the common cold yet.Diphtheria is another respiratory disease that, most of the time, affects

Battle of the Woods: Nollywood Versus Hollywood

The Battle of the Woods Hollywood and Nollywood Cinema of the United States has played an undeniable situation in the transmission system and interpretation of some values that we h emeritus today. We perceive real demeanor situations based on what Hollywood has taught us. Some ninety years later the first huge success of Ameri usher out cinema, The Great Train robbery was released, we were introduced to a new brand of films. The cult classic Living in Bondage was overspreadd. This low- budget film produced in Onitsha, Nigeria set the scene for what would bugger off an explosion.So impressed were the filmmakers and actors by their work, they coined the term Nollywood- the Nigerian Hollywood. The different environments and practices deal resulted in obvious differences and a few similarities between Hollywood and Nollywood. The some noniceable characteristic of motion pictures produced in North America is their electric potential cost. In Hollywood today, a blockbuster tha t grosses $70 gazillion could be considered a flop. near major movies have production expenses that routinely sneak the $100 million mark. According to the Variety box office taxation chart, the total revenue for the U.S. box office in cc6 was $9. 49 billion. Spiderman 3 cost over $ 250 million to produce, and Titanic earned a queer $1,848,813,795 worldwide. With these huge costs, the number of Hollywood movies produced yearly is relatively low. On the average, 603 movies ar released every year. In contrast, the average Nollywood film costs between N2,040,000 and N2,760,000 ( $17,000- $23,000) to produce. Most Nollywood movies argon produced in rented-out hotels, homes, offices and not complex studios. With this, filmmakers have lower start-up and criminal maintenance costs. Usofia in London cost a modest N 2. million to produce and distribute. These relatively low costs act as an fillip for many to produce movies. According to Hala Gorani and Jeff Koinange, the Nollywood in dustry churns out approximately 200 videos for the home video market every month. Further more, differences exist in the marketing and distribution of films in the devil industries. Hollywood movies employ creative and rough methods to market their movies. A good deal of promotion and advertising is tooshieed to acquiring people into theatres. Media blitzes are launched to tout the movies weeks before its release.Posters on b wasting diseases, billboards, designed T-shirts, websites are used to promote Hollywood films. These films are then distributed to a various(a) audience. Unless they are extremely unsuccessful, Hollywood movies are always first shown in cinemas across the world, before they are released on DVD. Nollywood films, on the other hand, do not put in a lot of money and attack on the marketing of their films. Other than the movie posters which are usu bothy seen at the selling point of the films, not much advertising is employed. As all Nollywood films go straigh t to DVD and VCD discs, the industry thrives on direct-to-video marketing.As many as thirty new titles are delivered to Nigerian stores and market stalls every week. Producers rely on the fact that with this outpour of releases, their movies would most certainly be picked up among the crowd hence, employing further marketing practices is unnecessary. Currently, the available cinemas in Nigeria do not exhibit any Nollywood movies. The costs, methods of distribution, and themes of Hollywood and Nollywood films reflect strongly their target audiences how the target audience affects the production of a film and how the production of a movie is designed to capture a specific target audience.Hollywood movies are designed to capture a specific audience. Critics have proposed that they use beautiful actresses and hunky actors to capture that audience the teenage population of the entire world. Hip, fresh plots drive the teenagers- the ones with the willingness and ability to spend money for entertainment purposes- to the cinemas. Even the movies with more elements of drama, and less action are still made to appeal to these teenagers. Halle berry was able to win an Academy Award as well as completely amaze millions of boys who had just hit puberty for her racy role in Monsters Ball.The lack of detail that is characteristic of a Nollywood film from its conception to the time it is released on video is a experience to the effect that the target audience of the movies is generally the lower class and educated Nigerians. This stagnant market would seem to be what Nigerian movie producers want, as it is much easier to please this kind of consumers than a 16 year old geek that knows the meaning of CGI. Famous Nigerian filmmaker Chico Ejiro boasts that he can make a movie in three days.All he has to do is make a movie with the same plot as thousands before it albeit with different actors, put a title on it, and distribute it. Nigerians will always bargain it. His target audience therefore does not influence his movies because they are always there they will always buy and this gives him no incentive for creativity. However, with all the differences between the two industries, similarities do exist. bonny like Hollywood, the primary purpose of Nollywood films is to entertain viewers.In their quest to entertain, the two industries may employ different procedures, but Hollywood and Nollywood filmmakers both sell the burning desire to refresh the minds of audiences. The two industries can both be credited for producing many untouchable stars from mere mortals. Marilyn Monroe will be hero-worship till the end of time, and Richard Mofe Damijo would forever be the ultimate sex paradigm in the minds of all Nigerian women above 18. King Joe Okechukwu would always be the pastor who speaks in tongues, and John Wayne is our idol in a cattleman hat that we will tell our children about.

My Best Vacation Ever

My best vacation ever was my first turn on to Disneyland. Something that I have always dreamt about was about to come true. set-back we researched ticket prices. We found a great price on So Cal City passes including three theme lays. The next step for us was finding a place to stay. All hotels were schedule around the Disneyland park. We found a great deal 20 minutes away. Our get down was booked. We were counting vanquish the days, looking for landmarks along the drive, and restaurants on a budget we never tried. I would Like to tell you about my best vacation ever. As we entered Disneyland we were amazed.The park opened October 5, 1955 and was built In 365 days but It look scar new. As we walked down main street towards the castle, we could smell all the concessions, because they centre smells throughout the park. The castle looked closer than It really was, this was because of a force purview In the buildings on Mall Street. As your exiting It looks much larger. Also th e buildings ar designed to look bigger than they actually are. While standing in line for various rides, we searched Disneyland secrets. We found out that there is a buns of a basketball court and ping pong table deep down the top third of the Mattering.This is a break room for employees only. When we were planning for our trip we used principle. Com After searching hotels around the park that could fit 6 people our luck ran out. The only available rooms were the parks touching hotels for $800 a night which was way out of our budget. We searched nearby and found cover Suite Hotel twenty minutes away in Bread, California. So we booked a two bedroom suite through the hotels website at an incredulous price. The rooms were amazing, and private. It was like a large apartment with a proficient sized kitchen and living room. I highly recommend this hotel.

Compare and contrast the writing styles Essay

Writers are characterized by three factors. These factors are title, spook, and theatrical role. William Byrd and William Bradford were two compound writers however they took completely opposite approaches toward piece of pen. During these times, journals, diaries, and sermons make up the literature. Byrd and Bradford were no exceptions with their full treatment of A History of the Dividing Line and Of Plymouth Plantation respectively. Whether it was the difference in writing styles, the different purposes for writing the stories, or simply each writers tad, their techniques were far from similar to one an otherwise.One difference between Bradford and Byrd was their writing styles. Bradford used the plain style to record and to describe his accounting system of the bracing World. Plain style writing is the form of writing used by the Puritans. This writing style tended to stay a representation from figures of speech and tried to encumber it plain, simple and right to the po int. A great example is when the settlers first arrived and Bradford historied that the slew had now no friends to welcome them nor inns to entertain or remember their weather-beaten bodies no houses or oftentimes less t take ins to repair to, to try on for succor (31). This statement explained how difficult it was to arrive to such a bare(a) land even after all the hardships assail. Bradford did an splendiferous job in his writings to give the real and accurate accounts of what happened.On the other hand, Byrd wrote his perception of the New World in sharp short letter to the writing style of Bradford. Byrd used forms of ridicule to record his account of what took place in the fresh colonies. A classic example of this technique was when Byrd called the sudden immigration of people to the New World a modish frenzy (50). This statement shows that Byrd scene it to be just a ripe fad to start a life in the New World. Byrd wrote using his own perception of colonial life and s truggle, therefore making it less historically accurate than Bradfords writings. These two styles characterized each man and greatly attributed to the huge contrast in their writing preference.One of the three factors that characterized both writers was purpose. A large contrast in the writings of Byrd and Bradford was the purpose for which they were written. The main reason that Bradford wrote his story was to swear the reader about the hardships and struggles of Puritan life in the NewWorld. He also wrote his story to show Gods hand in their experiences. Many Biblical references to God such as, but they cried unto the Lord, and He comprehend their voice and looked on their adversity (31), were used in his writing for this truly reason. This as well as many other religious references showed how much of an impact religion had on the Puritans. Bradford wanted to convey this dependence on and impact of God and religion throughout his writings. Byrds writing was to a greater extent biased and opinionated because he wrote it to amuse the reader.Read Also Topics for liken and Contrast EssayFor example, all throughout his story he constantly made fun of settlers. He mentioned during the story that the settlers built a church building that be no more than fifty pounds and a tavern that cost five hundred (52). This little tidbit served no purpose other than to criticize the colonial settlers and had no historical significance whatsoever. He made fun of the settlers to explicate change in the settlers way of life. Bradfords purpose greatly contrasted with that of Byrd.The last contrast between Byrd and Bradford was their attitude or dance step towards the subject they wrote about. In Of Plymouth Plantation, Bradford used a serious intent. His tone remained simple and unbiased throughout the story. The fact that he chose to use this tone is because Bradford was a truly religious man that closely followed the Puritan way of life. Most of all, he wanted to re cord the true accounts of what took place without coalesce soulfulnessal thoughts or ideas with fact. On the other hand, Byrd used a very satirical and humorous tone. This satirical tone was conveyed throughout his entire story.An excellent example of satirical writing was when Byrd explained how colonists were too lazy to plant their own crops, so instead they were forced to take more pains to taste for wild fruits in the woods than they would have taken in till the ground (52). This quote by Byrd clearly showed his frustration with the colonists very. Byrds tone differed from Bradfords, because Byrds story was never meant to be an accurate historical account of colonial times. Byrd possessed different feelings toward matters that took place, and this dramatically changed his tone.To conclude, writers are never the same. on that point are many different types of writers all across the world, from ancient to modern times. William Byrd and William Bradford were no exception t o this. Their style, tone, and purpose totally changed the outcome of their writings which were ground upon similiar incidents in history. People have their own views and beliefs of a certain situation, and more often than not, that view will be different from person to person as clearly shown in comparing Byrd to Bradford.

Designing High-Performance Jobs

Improving the process of come a swing come to the fore bulk is lots as simpleand as pro pitchas ever-changing the resources they defy and the results for which they argon responsible. by Robert Simons You tolerate a compelling product, an exciting vision, and a clear schema for your new telephone circuit. Youve hired good sight and unfit relationships with critical suppliers and distributors. Youve launched a trade c adenineaign targeting high- valuate nodes. All that remains is to score an geological formation that post deliver on the promise. and experienceation goes badly.Managers in the regional offices dont show large entrepreneurial spirit. They atomic number 18 as well as complacent and far too s humiliated in responding to customers. Moreover, its proving very fractious to coordinate activities crossways building blocks to serve large, multisite customers. Decision devising is fragmented, and time to market is practic every last(predicate)y longer t han expected. Excessive prices argon eating away at profit margins. You begin to wonder acquit I puke the wrong people in critical vocations? just now the problems argon more giganticspread than thatin fact, theyre systemic across the organization.This tale of a great strategy derailed by poor act is completely too common. Of course, there be some possible reasons for such(prenominal) a infracture and m all people who might be to blame. further if this story reminds you of your take in experience, have you considered the possibility that your organization is goaled to fail? Specifically, atomic number 18 bring out channels social organisationd to achieve the pipelines carrying issue latent? If not, unhappy consequences be all but inevitable. In this article, I present an action-oriented frame cream that will show you how to design tasks for high performance.My sanctioned point is straightforward For your line of descent to achieve its electric potenti al, each(prenominal) employees preparation of organisational resources should equal his or her shoot for them, and the same translate-and- request balance moldiness(prenominal) apply to every function, every business social unit, and the liberal fellowship. Sounds simple, and it is. bargonly single(prenominal) if you understand what determines this balance and how you notify decide it. The quadruplet Spans of Job excogitate To understand what determines whether a job is designed for high performance, you moldiness put yourself in the shoes of your organizations carriages.To carry out his or her job, each employee has to know the answer to four basic questions What resources do I pull strings to accomplish my problems? What pulses will be used to evaluate my performance? Who do I accept to interact with and exercise to achieve my goals? How much abet can I expect when I reach out to separates for jock? The questions correspond to what I call the four basic baffles of a job ascendancy, office, influence, and support. Each braces can be adjusted so that it is differentiate or commodious or somewhere in between. I think of the adjustments as being made on sliders, like those found on music amplifiers.If you get the touch offs right, you can design a job in which a talented person can successfully bunk your connections strategy. exactly if you get the tacktings wrong, it will be difficult for any employee to be telling. Ill look at each bitstock in detail and discuss how double-deckers can adjust the reartings. (The bring out The quaternity Spans provides a summary. ) The Span of Control. The starting continue defines the range of resourcesnot scarcely people but overly assets and infrastructurefor which a music director is presumptuousness decision rights. These are also the resources whose performance the bus is held accountable for.Executives must adjust the pair of comptroller for each chance on position and unit on the basis of how the society delivers value to customers. Consider Wal-Mart, which has configured its blameless organization to deliver low prices. Wal-Marts strategy ciphers on calibration of store operations coupled with economies of scale in merchandising, marketing, and scattering. To fasten standardization, Wal-Mart sets the nosepiece of tick off for store autobuss at the abbreviate end of the scale. Although they nominally guarantee their stores, Wal-Mart site managers have limited decision rights regarding hours of operation, merchandising displays, and pricing.By contrast, the traverse of stop for managers at bodily home office who oversee merchandising and other(a)(a) core operations is set at wide. They are responsible for implementing tweetper practices and consolidating operations to capture economies of scale. In addition to jibeling purchasing, merchandising, and distribution, these managers even consider condition the lightin g and temperature at Wal-Marts 3,500 stores by remote computer. (The settings for the two jobs are compared in the gift Spans of Control at Wal-Mart. ) Spans of Control at Wal-Mart (Located at the end of this rticle) Of course, the couples of control will be set very other than in companies that follow different strategies. Consider Nestle, a food confederation that reformulates its products in response to regional tastes for spices and sweets. In this local value initiation configuration, the broom of control for regional business managers is set very wide so that they have all the resources they need to customize products and respond to customers. regional managers take right for gross revenue, product development, distribution, and manufacturing.As a consequence, the crosss of control for managers brook at the head office are comparatively narrow, covering only logistics, the supply chain, global contracts, and be and finance. The Span of Accountability. The second bri dgework refers to the range of trade-offs affecting the measures used to evaluate a managers achievements. For example, a person who is accountable for head count or circumstantial expenses in an operating budget can make few trade-offs in severe to improve the measured dimensions of performance and so has a narrow tangle of accountability.By contrast, a manager responsible for market administer or business profit can make many trade-offs and thus has a relatively wide span of accountability. Your setting for this span is determined by the kind of behavior you want to see. To check compliance with detailed controlives, collapse managers to narrow measures. To assist creative thinking, make them responsible for broad metrics such as market make do, customer satisfaction, and re sprain on superior employed, which vacate them great freedom. The span of control and the span of accountability are not independent. They must be considered together.The first defines the resour ces available to a manager the second defines the goals the manager is expected to achieve. You might conclude, therefore, that the two spans should be every bit wide or narrow. As the adage goes, authority should match responsibility. But in high-performing organizations, many people are held to broad performance measures such as brand profit and customer satisfaction, even though they do not control all the resourcesmanufacturing and service, for example inevitable to achieve the coveted results. There is a good reason for this discrepancy.By explicitly setting the span of accountability wider than the span of control, executives can force their managerial subordinates to occasion entrepreneurs. In fact, entrepreneurship has been defined (by Howard H. Stevenson and J. Carlos Jarillo) as the process by which undividedseither on their own or inside organizationspursue opportunities without regard to the resources they currently control. What happens when employees are faced with this entrepreneurial gap? They must use their energy and creativity to figure out how to succeed without direct control of the resources they need. See the exhibit Creating the Entrepreneurial Gap. ) Thus, managers can adjust these two spans to stimulate creativity and entrepreneurial behavior. Creating the Entrepreneurial Gap (Located at the end of this article) Of course, spans of accountability alter by level in most organizationsin general, they are wider at the top of a fraternity and narrower at the bottom. The CEO of McDonalds has a wide span of accountability that encompasses stock price, earnings per share, and competitory market position.A McDonalds store manager has a much narrower span. She must localise on compliance with standard operating procedures, and she is monitored finished detailed introduce and process measures. The Span of Influence. The third span corresponds to the width of the net that an individual needs to cast in collecting data, probing for new information, and attempting to influence the work of others. An employee with a narrow span of influence does not need to pay much attention to people outside his small theatre of operations to do his job in effect.An individual with a wide span must interact extensively with, and influence, people in other units. As is the exemplar with the other spans, aged managers can adjust the span of influence to raise desired behaviors. They can widen the span when they want to stimulate people to think outside the box to develop new ways of luck customers, increasing upcountry efficiencies, or adapting to changes in external markets. In many companies, widening the span of influence counteracts the rigidity of organizational structures based on boxes and silos.For example, although global companies like Procter & Gamble need to be responsive to local customers needs, they must also create pressure for people in different operations to look beyond their silos to consolidate opera tions and share best practices to lower costs. Similarly, firms such as big-box retailers that centralize merchandising and distribution to deliver low prices must ensure that they continue to monitor changing competitive dynamics. Operations managers who are insulated from the marketplace must be labored to interact with people in units that are pixilatedst to customers.In all of these cases, its up to senior managers to ensure that individuals work across organizational boundaries to test new ideas, share information, and learn. Executives can widen a managers span of influence by redesigning her jobplacing her on a cross-functional team, for example, or giving her an assignment that requires her to promulgate to two bosses. They can also adjust a jobs span of influence with the level of goals they set. Although the nature of a managers goals drives her span of accountability (by determining the trade-offs she can make), the level, or difficulty, drives her sphere of influence .Someone given a stretch goal will often be forced to anticipate out and interact with more people than someone whose goal is set at a much lower level. Finally, executives can use write up and control systems to adjust the span of influence. For example, the span will be wider for managers who are forced to bear the burden of indirect cost allocations generated by other units, because they will attempt to influence the decisions of the units responsible for the costs. The more complex and mutualist the job, the more meaning(a) a wide span of influence becomes.In fact, a wide influence span is often an indication of some(prenominal) the power and effectiveness of an executive. In describing eBays Meg Whitman, for example, A. G. Lafley, the CEO of Procter & Gamble, said, The measure of a powerful person is that their circle of influence is greater than their circle of control. The Span of Support. This final span refers to the amount of attend to an individual can expect fro m people in other organizational units. Again, the slider can be set anywhere from narrow to wide depending on how much commitment from others the person needs in order to implement strategy.Jobs in some organizationsparticularly positions such as commission-based sales in efficient and liquid marketsdo not need wide spans of support. In fact, such organizations generally operate more efficiently with narrow spans, since each job is independent and individual contributions can be calculated substantially at days end. Traders in financial institutions, for example, need subaltern support from their fellow traders, and their colleagues can and should stay focused on their own work (and should be compensated solely for their success in generating profit).But wide spans of support become critically important when customer obedience is vital to strategy capital punishment (for example, at exclusive hotel chains) or when the organizational design is highly complex because of sophistic ated technologies and a complex value chain (in aerospace or computers, for instance). In these cases, individuals throughout the company must pass away beyond their job descriptions to respond to requests for help from others who are attempting to satisfy customers or navigate organizational processes. Managers cannot adjust a jobs span of support in isolation.Thats because the span is largely determined by peoples sense of shared responsibilities, which in turn stems from a companys culture and determine. In many cases, therefore, all or most of a companys jobs will have a wide span of support, or none will. But even inwardly a given company culture, there are often share in which managers need to widen the span of support separately for depict business units (for example, to support a new division created to bundle and cross sell products from other units) or for key positions (for example, to facilitate the work of cross-functional task forces).There are various policies th at managers can employ to widen spans of support. For example, a focus on a customer based mission typically creates a sense of shared purpose. In addition, broad-based stock ownership plans and team- and group-centered incentive programs often foster a sense of equity and belonging and encourage people to help others achieve shared goals. Firms that are characterized by wide spans of support also frown on letting top executives blink the trappings of privilege and generally follow a policy of promoting people internally to senior positions.The slider settings for the four spans in any job or business unit are a function of the businesss strategy and the role of that job or unit in implementing it. When you are adjusting job or unit design, the first step is to set the span of control to reflect the resources allocated to each position and unit that plays an important role in delivering customer value. This setting, like the others, is determined by how the business creates value for customers and differentiates its products and services from competitors.Next, you can dial in different levels of entrepreneurial behavior and creative tension for specific jobs and units by widening or narrowing spans of accountability and influence. Finally, you must adjust the span of support to ensure that the job or unit will get the informal help it needs. The exhibit quad Spans at a bundle Company displays the settings of the spans for a marketing and sales manager at a well-known company that develops and sells complex software for large corporate clients. The span of control for this job is quite narrow.As the manager stated, To do my day-to-day job, I depend on sales, sales consulting, competency groups, alliances, technical support, corporate marketing, field marketing, and interconnected marketing communications. None of these functions reports to me, and most do not even report to my group. The span of accountability, by contrast, is wide. The manager is account able, along with others throughout the business, for revenue growth, profit, and customer satisfactionmeasures that require responsiveness and a voluntaryness to make many trade-offs.Four Spans at a Software Company (Located at the end of this article) distinction that the span of influence is set somewhat wider than the span of control. To get things done, the manager has to cross boundaries and convince people in other units (whom he cannot command) to help him. So that the manager receives the help he needs, the CEO works unverbalised to ensure that the jobs span of support is wide. An ethos of mutual responsibilities has been created through shared goals, strong group identification, trust, and an equity component in compensation.As the manager noted, Coordination happens because we all have customer satisfaction as our first priority. We are in constant communication, and we all are given undifferentiated customer-satisfaction objectives. Achieving Equilibrium At this poin t, youre probably wondering how to determine whether specific jobs or business units in your organization are properly designed. Jobs vary within any business, and firms operate in different markets with unique strategies. How just should the spans be set in these many bunch?After the spans have been adjusted to implement your strategy, theres an easy way to contract out whether a specific job is designed for high performance. Its a test that can (and should) be applied to every key job, function, and unit in your business. Ill get to the details shortly, but first, its important to neck the underlying nature of the four spans. Two of the spans measure the supply of organizational resources the company provides to individuals. The span of control relates to the level of direct ontrol a person has over people, assets, and information. The span of support is its softer counterpart, reflecting the supply of resources in the form of help from people in the organization. The other two spansthe span of accountability (hard) and the span of influence (soft)determine the individuals make for organizational resources. The level of an employees accountability, as defined by the company, nowadays affects the level of pressure on him to make trade-offs that pressure in turn drives his need for organizational resources.His level of influence, as determined by the structure of his job and the broader system in which his job is embedded, also reflects the extent to which he needs resources. As I pointed out earlier, when an employee joins a multidisciplinary initiative, or works for two bosses, or gets a stretch goal, he begins reaching out across units more frequently. For any organization to operate at utmost efficiency and effectiveness, the supply of resources for each job and each unit must equal the demand. In other words, span of control prescribed span of support must equal span of accountability plus span of influence.You can determine whether any job in your organization is self-contained for sustained high performanceor is designed to failby applying this simple test Using Four Spans at a Software Company as an example, draw two lines, one connecting span of control and span of support (the supply of resources) and the other connecting span of accountability and span of influence (the demand for resources). If these two lines intersect, forming an X, as they do in the exhibit, then demand equals supply (at least roughly) and the job is properly designed for sustained performance.If the lines do not cross, then the spans are misalignedwith predictable consequences. If resources (span of control plus span of support) are lean for the task at hand, strategy implementation will fail if resources are excessive, underutilization of assets and poor economic performance can be predicted. Depending on the desired unit of analysis, this test can be applied to an individual job, a function, a business unit, and even an entire company. When S pans Are Misaligned Consider the case of a struggling high-tech company that makes medical devices.One division was rapidly losing revenue and market share to new competitors because of insufficient sales-force coverage and a lack of new-product development. In another(prenominal) division, created to bundle and cross sell products, managers were unable to get the collaboration they needed to provide a unify solution for a large potential customer. In a third, local managers were making decisions that did not support or build on the companys overall direction and strategy. These situations arose because senior managers had failed to align the four spans for key jobs and for the divisions overall.In particular, the problems this company encountered reflect ternary common situations that can limit performance potential. The Crisis of Resources. In some cases, the supply of resources is simply inadequate for the job at hand, leading to a tribulation of strategy implementation. In th e medical devices company, the sales staff had neither tolerable people to cover the competition (a narrow span of control) nor support from R&D to bring new products to market rapidly (a narrow span of support).A crisis of resources is most likely to occur when executives spend too much time thinking about control, influence, and accountability and not enough time thinking about support. They may, for instance, set the span of accountability wider than the span of control to encourage entrepreneurial behavior. And they may set the span of influence wider than the span of control to stimulate people to interact and work across units. But if the span of support is not widened to compensate for the relatively narrow span of control, people in other units will be backward to help when asked.Consider the local subsidiary of a regional enthronement bank. The managers had few direct resources (a narrow span of control) and relied on specialists from corporate headquarters to fly in to manage deals. Yet their span of accountability was relatively wide, with performance measures focusing on successful deals and revenue generation. Evaluations of the local managers failed to recognize or reward peoples commitment to help others in the organization. As a result, the span of support was too low to support the strategy of the business, which eventually failed. The Crisis of Control.Sometimes the supply of resources exceeds demand, leading to suboptimal economic performance. In highly decentralized organizations where separate business units are created to be close to customers, a crisis of control can occur when the supply of resources (the span of control plus the span of support) exceeds corporate managements ability to effectively monitor trade-offs (the span of accountability) and to ensure coordination of knowledge sharing with other units (the span of influence). The result is uncoordinated activities across units, missed opportunities, and wasted resources.Co nsider a large telecommunications company in which regions were organized as independent business units. Because of rapid growth, division managers were able to create fiefdoms in which resources were plentiful. And because of the companys success, commitment to the business mission was strong. But before long, the lack of effective performance monitoring by corporate superiors caught up with the business. The strategies of the divisions often worked at cross-purposes there was waste and redundancy. Competitors that were more focused began overtaking the units.The Crisis of Red Tape. This can occur in any organization where powerful staff groups, overseeing key internal processes such as strategic cooking and resource allocation, design performance management systems that are too complex for the organization. In such circumstances, spans of accountability and influence are very high, but resources are insufficient and misdirected. Endless time spent in staff extend toings wastes resources, slows decision making, and makes the organization unable to respond rapidly to changing customer needs and competitive actions.The demand for resources exceeds supply, and strategy execution fails as more nimble competitors move in. Adjusting the Spans over Time Of course, organizations and job designs must change with shifting circumstances and strategies. To see how this plays out in practice, lets look at how the job spans for a typical market-facing sales unit at IBM evolved as a result of the strategic choices made by successive CEOs. We ointment up the story in 1981, when John Opel became IBMs chief executive.IBM had been organized into stand-alone product groups that were run as profit centers. Reacting to threats from Japanese companies, Opel valued to reposition the business as a low-cost competitor. For purposes of increasing cost efficiency, the business was reorganized on a functional basis. The span of control for operating-core units such as manufacturing was widened dramatically, and there was a corresponding reduction in the spans of control and accountability for market-facing sales units (illustrated in the top panel of the exhibit Three Eras at IBM).The company also enlarged its definition of customer. kinda than focus narrowly on professional IT managers in governments and large companies, IBM began marketing to small companies, resellers, and distributors. It created experimental independent business units and gave resources for experimentation without imposing any accountability for performance. By the end of Opels tenure, IBM was criticized for confusion about strategy and priorities. As one writer noted, IBM settled into a feeling that it could be all things to all customers. However, the effects of these problems were masked by the dramatic and sick growth of the computer assiduity during this period. In 1985, John Akers took over as CEO. The organization he inherited was configured to develop, manufacture, and market computing hardware in independent silos. Not only were products incompatible across categories, they failed to meet customer needs in a world that was moving speedily from hardware to software and customer solutions. To get closer to customers, Akers created a unified marketing and services group, organized by region.The mission of this new market-facing unit was to translate customer needs into integrated product solutions and coordinate internal resources to deliver the right products to customers. Business units and divisions were consolidated into six lines of business. The span of control for the market-facing sales units widened dramatically. The new marketing and services group was made accountable for profit, and, as a result, many new profit centers were created. Unfortunately, the existing accounting system was not capable of calculating profit at the get-go level or for individual customers and product lines.Instead, a top-down planning system run by centralized staff groups set sales quotas for individual product categories. Customer sales representatives thus had few choices or trade-offs their span of accountability was not wide enough to support the companys new strategy. To make matters worse, the new profit centers made the company extremely complex and fragmented, a situation reflected in the units relatively narrow spans of influence and support. As the strategys trial became evident and losses mounted, Akers considered breaking the corporation into separate entities.Lou Gerstner took charge in 1993. He restructured the business around specific industry groups, narrowing the spans of control and widening the spans of accountability for marketing and sales units. At the same time, he widened the spans of influence by formally pairing product specialists with global industry teams, which worked closely with customers. To widen the spans of support, the company reconfigured bonuses to give more weight to corporate results than to business-u nit performance.Sam Palmisano took over as CEO in 2002 and reinforced the confident(p) changes wrought by Gerstner. The new CEOs strategy stress on-demand computing solutions delivered through seamless integration of hardware, software, and services. This involved adopting a team-based, sacred service relationship configuration at the sales units. To ensure that all employees in such a complex organization would be willing to work across units to build customer loyalty, Palmisano worked to widen spans of support further.In a well-publicized initiative, he returned the company to its roots by reemphasizing the importance of IBM values such as dedication to client success, innovation, and trust and personal responsibility in all relationships. To increase trust within the company and heighten the perception of fairnessnecessary actions before people will involve responsibility for helping othersPalmisano asked the board to allocate half of his 2003 bonus to other IBM executives w ho would be critical leaders of the new team-based strategy. A Precarious proportionAs IBM illustrates, complex strategies for large firms usually require that all the spans of key jobs widen, indicating high levels of both demand for, and supply of, organizational resources. But the potential for problems is great in any organization where all four spans are wide and tightly aligned. A relatively small change in any one of them will disrupt the balance of supply and demand and tip the organization toward disequilibrium. In the short run, of course, the dedication and hard work of good people can often compensate for a misalignment.But the more dynamic your markets and the more demanding your customers, the more critical and difficult it becomes to ensure that all four spans of organization design are aligned to allow your business to reach its performance potential. Spans of Control at Wal-Mart The spans of control for a store manager and a merchandising manager at Wal-Mart are qu ite different. To ensure standardization in operations, Wal-Mart gives the store manager relatively little control. To promote the implementation of best practices, the company gives the merchandising manager a wide setting.Creating the Entrepreneurial Gap By holding managers accountable for more than they control, a company can encourage entrepreneurial behavior. Four Spans at a Software Company The settings for a marketing and sales manager show a relatively narrow span of control and a relatively wide span of accountability. The discrepancy indicates that the company wants the manager to be entrepreneurial. A reasonable span of influence ensures that he has a respectable level of collaboration with colleagues outside his unit to compensate for his low span of control.Company policies designed to provide a wide span of support ensure that his entrepreneurial initiatives will get a friendly response. The dotted line connecting the two spans that describe the resources available to the job (span of control and span of support) intersects with the line connecting the two spans that describe the jobs demand for resources (span of accountability and span of influence). This shows that the supply of, and demand for, resources that apply to this job are in rough balance the job has been designed to enable the manager to succeed.

Industrial Development and Labor Movement Essay

The answer is FALSE. The development of industrial development contributed to the spring up of tire movement. The substantial change that was caused by the industrial revolution the increased efficiency of outturn through the use of machines has caused the transmutation and alienation of servicemankind lap upers as machines suffer taken over the yield process.The industrial revolution is one of the near significant highlights for the development of human history. It was an advent for the most important technical changes and advancement which translated to increased output signal efficiency producing the most number of goods at the least amount of costs.However, the hook of giant industries which make use of machines in production has caused human skilled workers to be displaced from their jobs. The mechanization of production has do human labor slight appealing and less needed. The advent of the rise of machines has caused severe changes in production and labor, and consequently it has driven profound hearty changes and also driven the economy to be more(prenominal) production economical with little help from human labor (Hooker).Consequently, the displacement of human laborers and their plainly less involvement in the process of production have made them less powerful in voicing out their demands. The mechanized production system has made them less equal and less significant in the pains, thus, factory owners didnt regard them as assets in the attention. This turn of events tag the era wherein laborers didnt have the ability to speak of their work-related grievances, they lost the illustration to call out for fair interference.In contrast to the earlier generation wherein the small employer-employee relationship was prevalent, the workers had the ability and chances to address their demands to their employers. However, the increased automation of production system has also caused the growth of enterprises and the owners hired skille d professionals to more efficiently manage the workers. As a result, there existed a larger first step between the owners and the laborers, making it harder for the laborers to communicate directly to the owner to express their grievances (The American dig up Movement).Moreover, during these times, the workers were forced to work colossaler hours, getting the most work from them though giving them the lowest wage possible. And because of the production automation, skilled laborers and craftsmen were less valued and the number of unskilled laborers has significantly increased.Thus, these instances, developments and the further impoverishment and nonequivalent treatment for laborers have resulted to the emergence of labor unions that advocated to protect the rights and welfare of laborers. Labor unions became a prevalent action in protecting the common interests of laborers, especially issues regarding wages and working conditions. These labor and trade unions served as collectiv e organizations that represented the interests of the working class.Moreover, labor unions were sometimes looked upon as political wings electioneering for equitable treatment from employers and lobbying for the implementation of laws governing labor relations. These labor movements rivet on issues related on rank-and-file movements, collective bargaining conflicts and organizing political campaigns. These efforts flickered the hopes for effort workers to attain increased political influence to be able to relate legislations that shall benefit their cause, and deflect labor laws that were inefficient in protecting the rights of laborers (Turner, 2001).The rise of labor movement became more prevalent in the untriedly industrialize countries. This happened as global transformations became more influential and encompassing for example, the relocation of low-wage areas, automation and the increasing use of unregulated work arrangements all of which contributed to the strong iro n out of forming a strict and rigid framework of a union that shall indorse workers against unfair treatment. (Silver)            Moreover, in addition to the animation of production, there is another eyeshot of industrial revolution that has hastened the rise of labor movement. The unfair labor practices rendered by industrialized nations towards less powerful and poor countries have made it more appealing for workers to organize a movement that was geared minimizing these effects.As the industry grew larger and more powerful, industrialized countries have sought for new markets and new sources of cheap labor, wherein they can yield the most production with labor-intensive processes, with the least amount of costs possible. They utilized the presence of satellite countries wherein they can survival from them the cheapest raw materials, and wherein they can impose to make use of the human great(p) as a source of cheap and intensive lab or.            Therefore, the rise of labor movements was sponsored by the industrial development. This happened in such a way that, as the industry flourished and became automated, it resulted in harsh treatment and displacement of the workers. This unfair treatment led workers to form unions that shall represent them as a whole in addressing their grievances and sentiments. The development of labor movements were hastened by (1) need for social mobilization and institutional change (2) need for significant representation by workers (3) call for industry changes and (4) economic and political protectionism.            The industry development happened in such a manner that it gave utter importance to machines and deliberately misappropriated the use of human skills in the course of production. It displaced the rights and abilities of craftsmen and haggardly made use of unskilled worker, as they offered cheap labor despite the intense labor work and long work hours. Consequently though, this instances and treatments have hastened the movements to revive the industry that is mindful of human existence and welfare.            Thus, industry development, coupled with intense form of exploitation, mistreatment, alienation and displacement for workers have eventually led to the emergence of labor movements.ReferencesHooker, Richard. The Industrial Revolution. Retrieved declination 1, 2007 from, <http//www.wsu.edu/dee/ENLIGHT/INDUSTRY.HTM>Silver, Beverly. Labor Movements from a Global Perspective.The American Labor Movement. Retrieved December 1, 2007 from, <http//www.bookrags.com/ query/the-american-labor-movement-dirl/>Turner, Lowell. (2001) Reviving the Labor Movement. School of Industrial and Labor Relations. Cornell University.

Fresh Graduate Employment in Malaysia Essay

harmonise to the 2011 Graduate Tracking Study of the Higher Education Ministry said that they ar about 40,000 tweaks in the country atomic number 18 still unemployed. The percentage of refines which atomic number 18 still unemployed was 21 per cent from the public institutions of high learning, 27 per cent from private intuitions. In addition, The Human Resource Ministry of Malaysia said that at that place are many graduates are good lonesome(prenominal) in theory and many fresh graduates were unable to meet the expectations of the corporate sector.The concept of employability is ecumenical mean that employability refers to a wide range of attri notwithstandinges and competencies that enable the projects seekers to gain and nourish employment such as, but not limited to the communication skills, logical, analytic and bother solving skills, personality, confidence and integrity, innovation and creativity, flexibility and adaptability and team spirit. Employability ski lls are not job specific, but are skills which cut involve with all told industries and all jobs from entry aim to chief executive officer (Sherer and Eadie, 1987).Recently, employer learn out that there are a lot of graduates leave universities without the skills, post and understanding, all of that are necessary to successfully enter the world of works. mavin of the calculates that causes the incumbent graduates are unable to meet the employers expectations is most of the graduates are scatty(p) of cheeselike skills. As can be seen, in Malaysia many graduates that with the excellent degrees cannot get a good job at a customary or highly reputable company.This is because most graduates are lack of velvet skills which are required from the employers. From these, the soft skills are very necessary for graduate jobs in the future. In addition, employers believe that universities and colleges feed placed too much(prenominal) emphasis on academic achievement compared to t he soft skills. Academic qualifications are essential, but the attitudes of graduates are equally, if not more, important to employers. A high dustup of instruction point average alone does not guarantee the graduates employment.The general consensus among Malayan employers indicates that Malaysian graduates are hale trained in their areas of specialization but unfortunately they lack the soft skills (Nurita, Shaharudin, Ainon, 2004). The basic requirement from employers expect from the graduates that has pauperism which mean graduates encounter ability to think outside the box, problem solving skills and communication skills, and an ability to work both as persona of a team and independently. Besides that, soft skills are cited as a critical deficiency by the employers who lament the inability of entry level applicants.According to the Institute for Democracy and Economic Affairs (2011), 50. 4% of the graduate students were not confident with their soft skills before they gr aduated. While some of the soft skills can be learnt and assimilated through extracurricular activities, they are not consistently and sufficiently transferred to the graduates. Incorporation of programmes or subjects that emphasize on soft skills and the evoke for life great learning will benefit the graduates.The second factor that causes the current graduates are unable to meet the employers expectations is the graduates are lack of exposure to the solid world of work. Most of the graduates are lack of working contract. Employers said that the hump is meaning that the graduates take a shit either done community service or hasten had work for part time jobs in past so that the world of work is not reinvigorated to them. In recent look into from the recruitment company, it indicates that more than a third of the available jobs will be taken by graduates with experience.In addition, The Malaysian Government also conducted a survey on Malaysia graduates and it was discovered that about 30,000 Malaysian Graduates were unemployed delinquent to lack of experience, poor English poor communication skill and because they had move studies irrelevant to the market place (Malaysian Today, 2005). In these 20th century, academic carrying out means less than real world experience when it get along withs to getting a position at a firm after graduation. Every job opening the graduates come across requires that graduates have experience.Employer needs worker to have working experience, employee with working experience will helps the company to save up the time to train the new employee and the graduates that have experience will have the skills to identify and analyze problems critically. Besides that, the other reason that employer need graduates to have experience is employers need to discriminate between applicants with a very quasi(prenominal) academic profile and place increasing emphasis on the look on of work experience. Without it, graduates may struggl e to complete at the application stage.By completing an internship or part time jobs will provide graduates with the opportunity to acquire and demonstrate these skills at the application and interview stage. The last factor that causes the current graduates are unable to meet the employers expectations is the graduates are also lacking of proper career guidance and information. The major element has pointed out by many employers is the unrealistic expectation and demands of the graduates. This is because graduates generally believed their education and skills were sufficient.The universities considered their students to be well prepared for the transition to the workplace. Unfortunately, employers concluded that graduates now are citing unrealistic expectations and demands for higher salaries as examples. Most of the recent graduates are too choosey steady though they are fresh graduate that lack of working experience (New Straits Times, 2012). Besides that, most graduated wont make it time checking the companys background as they are only attracted by a difference in the salary of a few hundred ringgit.Cheah and Tay (2011) argued that employees would be more engaged in their jobs if they are support by their supervisors and if they are empowered to make decision. Most of the students choose their course based on their friends and parents advices. They didnt really found out what should they choose, since the choice of the student might require their future career. Furthermore, employer expects the graduates to find out their company background before the graduates come for an interview. Job fairs and exhibitions can be held to engage employers and youth.Online community portal to hurry collaboration for career counselors, students, new graduates and employers can include an interactive website for scorecard questions and answers, links to the various career guidance tools and manuals, and labor demand or supply statistical reports. In conclusion, there are still graduates are unable to meet the employers expectations. It will lead the unemployment rate increase in the country. Government should have plan a way for the formulation of long term strategies to solve the problems occurs.The todays world of work, employer is increasingly expecting multi skillful and multi tasking employees. Since the job market is competitive that graduates need to do more than exactly present their background and qualifications. Besides that, graduates may need to apply new skills that will require them to learn and re-learn while on the job. Employers place a premium on graduates who can move between different challenges and who have soft skills with experienced. The most important for the graduates to get a job is self confidence and motivation to meet successfully the challenges of works and of course to prevail in the world of works.

History †10th Grade Short Essays Essay

What qualities in George capital letter made him a good superior for ascendent the revolutionary army? What were his about valuable contri exactlyions to independency? uppercase would lead the Patriots to a surprising victory over Great Britain. in that respect are many qualities that made George cap into the great leader that he was. These qualities can be seen by the many decisions he made throughout his role as Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army and as President. Washington was a heroic man. As a general of the Continental Army, George Washington a good deal rode with his phalanx along the front barriers and brought them together during crucial ap windments. An example of this is forrader the battle of Trenton. In December of 1776, Washington person distributively(prenominal)y led his troops across the icy De practice of laware River into New Jersey on a confusion attack on a Hessian outpost. This shows that George Washington is a braw man, as he is willing t o sacrifice for his people. He in addition doesnt just call orders and expect his men to comply but alternatively he leads them himself which shows that he is passionate about what hes doing. Washington was also experienced when it came to military matters.His knowledge came from his experience because he had fought during the french Indian War and proved to be skilled in commanding troops. Washington was also a rattling wise leader he knew that he could form an alliance with either Britain or France during the 1790s. It was too perilous to side with one or the opposite because of the political chaos in Europe. So instead he said that the United States should stay neutral. Although it took age for both nations to acknowledge the United States neutrality, Washingtons position for the earth paid off. These were some of George Washingtons intimately valuable contributions to independence. Washington was gifted with the ability to reason things out, to examine matters thoroughly before qualification decisions. Washington also worked very hard.The combat of the revolutionary war began in spring 1775. Why did colonists wait until the summer of 1776 to declare independence?They had been bloodsuc pansy on the British government for so long that declaring independence was very controversial at that time. Some members of the continental congress actually cherished independence while others just wanted to make peace with the British, but they realized that this was non possible and even if it was they would be hung for treason. Thomas Paine so wrote an extremely influential pamphlet in 1776, which was very controversial, persuading many colonists to twist independent. It called not simply for independence, but for the creation of a new affable of political society, a republic, where power flowed from the people themselves, not from a befoul and despotic monarch. some(prenominal) of the colonial Americans didnt want to support independence until a year i nto the war. They only wanted to declare independence in 1776 because they thought that they were too uttermost into the war to go back.Account for the widespread and enthusiastic colonial reception of Thomas Paines common sense.It promoted the law the law is higher than the king. This was very popular with Americans because it promoted the idea that the king is not absolute. Most people believed that king George was the problem with the British government and this put across appealed to them .It also gave arguments of why the British who were three thousand miles away and small should govern America. Many people matt-up that someone as far away as Britain should not govern America because they would not wear their best interests in mind. Its very good use of imagery was utilize to provoke thoughts among the colonists. Many colonists who read this pamphlet felt a cryptic desire to support the revolutionary cause because of the imagery, it caused a lot of individual retiremen t account and resentment among the Americans.Colonists had debated with parliament and protested its actions since 1763. Why, then, did the declaration of independence single out king George iii as a tyrant threatening their liberties?The fag was the overt symbol of the British Empire. He was also the single most impelled person in trying to prevent independence. A speech by the King in late 1775 called for the maximum level of force to incumbrance the revolution and to punish the colonies and included language that made the rebels very angry. The King was extremely unpopular in America. George III represented England and by book of facts parliament and never did anything to protest those acts. The reason why they were treated naughtily was because the American people felt that they were powerless against them and the British evils of America.Write your comment of loyalty. Then explain why the loyalists were held in such low sham and treated with abuse during the revolutiona ry war.Loyalty is faithfulness or a devotion to something. Loyalty is standing up for what you believe in, when everyone sits down.Actually, during the American Revolution, stalwarts also would have considered the Rebels with low regard. Only the outcome of the war made the Loyalist cause the losing side, which were the bad guys. This is because history tends to brand losers of war as the villains. engagement between Loyalists and Rebels in South Carolina was particularly bitter. We forget that not all American colonists wanted independence from Britain. A rough assessment potency be that one terzetto were for rebellion, another third were loyalists and a third were neutral and had no opinions on this matter.The subverter War became particularly foetid in the southern colonies during 1780-1781.Both sides Loyalist and Rebel abused each other during the war. Many Americans and loyalists felt betrayed by the other because they had betrayed their cause and thus each side treated e ach other brutally.List the three most important battles of the revolutionary war. Justify your selections.Lexington Concord The first battle of the Revolutionary War was the Battle of Concord and Lexington. On April 19th, 1775 American Militamen fought 800 British troops. The battle started in Concord. 73 British soldiers were killed and over 2 hundred were wounded. 49 American soldiers were killed and 39 were wounded. This basically started the American Revolution.Battle of Saratoga The go point of the war, British general John Burgoyne surrendered over 9000 soldiers. Americans take deem of the north.Siege of Yorktown Americans with help from the French, defeat the British. The battle of York town was the most important battle in the revolutionary war. During the battle of Seratoga global Burgyne felt he had no other option but to press to albany. however the American army was blocking the route to Bemis Heights. The british made two take ons to break through the American forces, but they failed. after(prenominal) the second attempt they retreted to searatoga. There they were surrounded by American troops.The British had no select but to surrender on Oct. 13, 1777. One fourth of the British forces in north America have, even though there were many battles to be fought. This insured the American independence. General Cornwalis arrived in Petersburg in May of 1781. After receiving instructions General Cornwalis went to Yorktown and began preparation for a maritime base. General Washington moved south and, together with the French ground and naval forces surrounded the British army, forcing them to surrender and eventually ending the warMany historians argue that without French aid the colonies could never have won their independence. Do you agree or disagree? Why?It is not likely. The involvement of the French provided some major victories for the Colonists. Without them the war would have lasted longer. The extremely long line of supply for Engla nd was a major short fall at that point in time. The war was also draining the monetary coffers of England. The American colonies could not have succeeded in defeating the British Empire without French aid. The colonists were not soldiers they had no military training. The colonies had no government to pay for supplies and weapons. The colonists had no chance of supremacy without foreign aid. Before France would ally with the colonies, they wanted to be sure that the colonists had the capability of winning the war. This was accomplished when the colonists defeated the British at the Battle of Saratoga.

Perspectives on play: learning for life Essay

This motif illustrates in tip how schooling can be achieved by and through and through play. Depth research has been carried come step forward of the closet on the correlation surrounded by play and its positive benefits on early on sisterhood schooling, aimth and development. Through this research it has been established that there is a positive connection between creative oral intercourse and play and the genial development of a child. Play has emotional benefits on a child such as enjoyment, relaxation, and fun, love of life, tension reduction and self expression. developmental benefits of play include cognitive development where imagination, creativity, problem solving, mastery of concepts and purview taking improves. Socially the child grows which can be seen through co-operation, sharing, turn-taking, and involution resolution and leadership skills development. The language of the cod similarly develops that is in term of communication skills, vocabulary and narration (Brock 2009 p.6-7)In this issue to bring out the details pretty clear, sharp in-depth look at two chapters has been d one, the showtime chapter being Authoring books, plays and identities in theme workshops. Key pr enactmentice Approximated opus. The first chapter excessively involves the sub-topic discourse of creative expression (Gordon 2009 p.23). The second chapter to look at is the wager as Identity texts, children as consumers and players. The first chapter broadly handles introduction to physical composition where take ins argon taken through a workshop where they mainly assume in writing. The climax of it is when the kid finally authors a book and has a chance to sit on the authors chair and read the book to the part and to be admired and questioned at the end of the writing workshop. The rationale bathroom choosing this chapter on developing writing is that scripted communication is a truly key skill in life and e genuinelyone should raise it as a pri ority developing the skill and becoming an expert in communicating sincerely well through writing. It is thus a privilege and owing(p) pleasure learning how a kid or an individual at large develops this skill and also to reflect and see how probably pack did begin at it or ought to begin (Gordon 2009 p.25)Approximated writing is the key arguments in this chapter which symbolizes or represents a range of ways in which children can overturn within their inner self between their personally invented forms of language collar and the culturally determined rules for language. Approximated writing is close to the real writing language which embraces errors, incorrect spellings. It is utilised by children to formulate meaningful messages through their use of their emerging mastery of the language. In the writing workshop the kids initiated their own writing projects and as they wrote they designed and illustrated images and prints for puppet plays, pages for kids-printed books, cards t o relatives and friends, storyboards and journals. Graphophonic conventions such as exploitation alphabetic symbols like tuk to represent the word took, putting bigger spaces between words, placing marks on words and organizing them in a pattern be very much use in this case. Authoring in the workshop happened when the kids wrote, drew, told and dramatized the texts they had indite down. Finally in regard to authoring the kids connected texts for the kids-produced books that they presented to the another(prenominal)s through reading forte from the authors chair or even short plays that were acted for the classify and videotaped (Marzollo 2011 p.39-40)A number of realizations came from these workshops or activity that was centered on kids literacy. The first one being that children be capable keeprs who are able to actively create and co-create meaning and such activities can be very instrumental in bringing out their literacy proficiency this is so because it is in such that they are challenged to explore all genres of written communication and also get a chance to freely air their ideas through their conversations and writings (Elkind, 2009 p.46). The idea of getting a chance to sit on the authors chair, present the book to the class, to be questioned and admired at the end of the writing workshop motivated the kids to really come up with a well-illustrated book.Discourse of creative expression also happens in the group discussion where free expression of ideas and feelings in the workshop through routine or regular practices is done. The children are always encouraged to share their opinions with their peers and anything they feel the motivation to air during the workshop. This discourse of creative expression empowers autonomy in writing decisions during the workshop and clearly refers to the kids as a writer mostly because they have written their own creations (Guinagh 2009 p.32). The above situation is really different from a school situation whi ch cannot really be called free expression because the kid is directed, monitored and controlled by the teacher on what to write about. The children also have the authority during the workshop to abandon the projects they were working on at their own delicacy without permission from the teacher. In the case of a child also consulting with other children in the case of seeking their assistance and opinions also decides to change their projects and disregard the one they were doing or make revisions on it is still quite appropriate.The methodological analysis used in this chapter or writing workshop to teach the children how to write is something really great and enjoyable both for them and their instructor. The different number of plays that are used to teach them how to write and encourage them to pursue understanding the genres of written communication are very appropriate for them both for their easier understanding and to make it really interesting to the children without bore dom at all. tuition writing is presented in a very simplified way that makes the child to want to do it again and again. The above writing activity or workshop only proves the point that learning happens very effectively through play (Silberg 2009 p.23).In the second chapter close attention is paid to the chapter on Toy as Identity texts, children as consumers and players. First it is good to state that the rationale buns picking this chapter as the second one to look at to anyone it would mostly be out of curiosity to know and understand the fol imprinting questions The motive why kids and toys are almost inseparable? How comes that children want to spend as much as possible time with their toys, which is the language that really endure if any between toys and kids? Dolls in line with toys are texts designed specifically to enable the children to recognise with ease the mood in which it can be used in a play. They are associated with popular children animated films and also t elevision programs which encourage children to play authentic division roles and familiar scripts. These toys act as texts calling forth for possible worlds which brings about certain character roles, dialogue and stories (Silberg 2009 p.31) Dolls in a way are used to top identity and expectations in and from the society, for example the text or identity of a cool girl is communicated through the dolls features such as its hairstyle, clothing and makeup. Popular dolls communicate complex such as concerning taste, complaisant status, culture, roles and position in society and taste. This complex message requires the reader in this case the children to coordinate these messages and understand them (Tizard 2010 p. 55)The methodology of using toys and dolls to communicate certain texts to the children and ensure that they learn something sounds quite funny. It is after pondering about this manner of using play to teach or facilitate learning to the very young ones that a person will come to the conclusion that it is one of the most amazing ways of learning through play which is really an awesome method. Kids are in a position to learn so much through toys and dolls without even their friendship that they are learning and this knowledge sticks in their minds for the rest of their lives.As a wrap up this paper has made it clear through the above examples how learning is done through play. Therefore one would comfortably conclude that it is a matter of concomitant that children learn through play and exposure to plays enable them to develop their intellectual, affable and emotional skills. Plays should thus be a part and parcel of a childs life so that the child may grow and develop holistically failure to which the development of the child will be hindered (Wood 2013 p.5). more(prenominal) and more learning and play ought to be embraced and others developed so as to ease learning especially amongst children who are easily bored and has low concentration abil ity and retention capacity of what they learn. The importance and value of learning through play can therefore not be underestimated.ReferencesBrock, A. (2009). Perspectives on play learning for life. Harlow, England Pearson/Longman.Elkind, D. (2009). The power of play learning what comes naturally. Cambridge, Mass. Da Capo long .Gordon, I. J., Guinagh, B., & Jester, R. E. (2009). Child learning through child play learning activities for two and three year olds. New York St. Martins Press.Marzollo, J., & Lloyd, J. (2011). Learning through play (1st ed.). New York Harper & Row.Silberg, J. (2009). Learning games exploring the senses through play. Beltsville, Md. Gryphon House.Tizard, B., & Hughes, M. (2010). schoolboyish children learning (2nd ed.). Malden, MA Blackwell Pub..Tizard, B., & Hughes, M. (2010). Young children learning (2nd ed.). Malden, MA Blackwell Pub..Wood, E. (2013). Play, learning and the early childhood curriculum (3rd ed.). capital of the United Ki ngdom SAGE.Source document

Insights That Travels Trough Time Essay

The dramatic effect of a chef-doeuvre always depends on the one who views it. John Berger argues about perception and that lone(prenominal) few own and experience the proficiency in terms of visual scenes that shape the cultural memory of a society. Berger opens out and focuses on the origin of images (Parks, 2009). He looked up to how others should consider and understand how a certain image could produce a new language of images. Perhaps, he wanted to turn each and every artist takes advantage of using his or her industrial plant to represent or reflect the ethos that exists in a society.For him the art itself speaks up a rich testimony about the culture and other position in the history. Also Berger establish the notion that those who were unattached from their past, has unbound image and can freely act as an individual or a group. Herewith, it could be assumed that experiences affect how we accept or perceived something or how we or what we believe as true. Further, acco rding to Berger The relation between what we suffer and what we know is never settled. The truth could be assumed to restrained rest in the eyes of the viewer. Berger insists to how we people should respond and take richness of what we see.With this, we should learn to render and know what lies behind it. Every image is an dick that leads us to different region and period (Wong, 2009). If we just learn how to read and decipher the knowledge it offers, then we could freely purchase the vision that the some ignoresReferences1. Parks S,. (2009)Studying Culture/Controlling Images. , Retrieve April 14, 2009 http//www. temple. edu/isllc/sparks 2. Wong M. , (2009)Just in Time anamorphism as a Strategic Survival Visual Tactics. , http//www. para-site. org. hk/_pre/96_txt4. html

A Time to Kill Essay

A materialisation black girl is walking down on a itinerary on her style home from the store. Two tweed males in a truck drive up slowly behind her back and crisply pick up the girl and rape her. She is found almost assassinated and rushed to the hospital. The two rapist was arrested and bring in to jail. On the way to the hearing right out placement the royal court, the scram of the black girl go out and fires 3 shot which killed the 2 suspects. The father was arrested and put into jail. The township is split into two sides.One side understands Carl because a lot of fathers would develop done same thing in his situation, but on the othere side that contained most of the town people want him to be punished in the gas chamber. Jake Brigance, a young and idealistic, inexperience white lawyer is engage by a murderer, of the two rapist, who raped her daughter. Brigance an easy going devoid white lawyer in town, whose client always leaves without payment. Carl Lee Hailey, a b lack, charged of two counts of murder in the inaugural degree, trapped in a judicial system that is greatly swayed by the racism of the solid ground beyond.Jake Brigance as lead council, one of the few white southerners was given the undoable task proving that Mr. Hailey, innocent. Impossible, because of a mostly white county, and for a reason of win-at-all appeal prosecutor, the racism and hypocrisy of the Mississippi citizens and judicial system. He intends to defend the charge with a plea of not guilty by insanity, trying to persuade the jurors that Carl Lee had a momentary lapse in sanity after the rape incident. Jake Brigance becomes Haileys lawyer and realizes how complicated it is to deal with such a famous client.Jake and his wife, Carla are at first excited at first about seeking Jake on the news so much during pre- essay happenings. The enthusiasm quickly ends. He has to fight against the District Attorney who wants to use this sensorial issue to make him become fa mous. The case got national attention and a lot of different organizations get involved. Situation starts a lot of kerfuffle with in the community, people who are against Jake defending Carl try to disappoint and spite him and his family.In order to secure the welfare of his family they watch to leave town. The trial begins amid much attention to the media and residents of the county- specifically the large black population. The highlight is when 2 psychologists on the defendant side and one on another. It was a well-favored point for his client. He never gives up on Carl Lees case still if his life is at stake until the time came the terminal verdict. The courthouse is packed to see the attorneys closing speeches. Carl Lee comes out on the courtroom a free man.Jake Brigance is a person who wants change the judicial system, no matter what your race and what is the color of your skin justice should prevail. A father who wants to protect and seek justice for her daughter is a pa rt of both human, thats what Jake had felt so he accepted this case even if his client is black. In the final argument in the court which Jakes character also believe that allbody whos on his position would do exactly what his dealing. He believes that justice taking its natural place on earth.Jake feels compelled to take the case out of his conscience and guiltiness over an treat he may have been able to stop, the shooting of the two white suspects. Jake a defender of the downtrodden, and despite to defend his client by any means possible, the fact that he knows that Carl Lees actions were premeditated is upset for his characters integrity. He believes that no matter how much the military man tries to say they celebrate their diversity or look past the differences, you have to look no farther than a small county to see its truth. Jake and Carl became a good friend true and without prejudice.

Autobiography of a Simple Girl…Yeah Right.

Alicia V. February 1st 2013 Autobiography How does one initiation an autobiography? I tried reading some other industrial plant and some would let off with Hello my charge is or I grew up in a blah blah blah. aught enamormed very inspirational so I guess Ill just start with my name. Alicia. Its just a simple name. I was born on a Friday. My mother was born and raised in Puerto Rico until she was 25, she moved to NYC the slowly 80s. My dad was born and raised in the Dominican Republic until he was 22 he too decided to move to NYC in the70s.They met at some w arehouse in the late 80s and around 89 they started living with sever onlyy other. Then in January 91, I decided to be free from the convenient womb. I figured it was time to explore the serviceman. So of course with my Puerto Rican and Dominican parents the only language in the house is Spanish. My dad worked at a civilize as a janitor and my mother was a babysitter with 14 kids in our small apartment in the Bronx . That till this day, we still vital in that small Bronx apartment that is now an official daycare. I was my mommys one and only and she worked so hard so I could go whatsoever was best for me.She would buy fabric and by the end of the week, I would turn over a new dress ready to show off to the world. She would run into whatever outfit I was wearing with my shoelaces, if I happen to be wearing sneakers. I was her doll. I was her baby. Until I was 5, my dad would take me to the barbershop and get my boyish haircut, basically and small little fro. I dont what in the world was going through my parents mind exclusively I looked like a boy if I didnt wear a dress until I was 5. This isnt however a joke. When I was four I looked like 6 course of instruction old, so anyone who would walk past would say, Wow, that little boy of yours is so endearing.And thence my mother would say, Shes a girl. My mother told me that they would just walked international out of embarrassment. I th ink around the fifth or sixth time someone has said that my mom decided that it wasnt a well idea that I kept getting the boyish haircut. Back to my get, my father estimation of me as his prized possession. Since I am the only child that he helped raise with. You see my father hasnt been so innocent in his life. He went around in his youth and well Im his quaternate child from his fourth woman. Its the biggest stereotype of most male Dominicans I still laugh softly about it.I receive an older brother named Charlie. Second oldest is Melisa and then the third oldest is Angie, and then theres me, just in case you forgot. Also since I am the youngest, Im his baby. however there has been tension in my family due to my fathers actions. So siblings. Yeah, I get laid them to death but like I considerate of explained in the lead tension. My brother Charlie, the oldest, the boy or I should say man. The one who carries the name has done some bad things and sadly had to pay the price . In my fledgling yr of spicy school, my brother was sent to prison for manslaughter.I personally do not know if he really did it but they gave him fifteen years. rough that time I entered my Goth phase, but I dont believe I have left that phase. All through in high spirits school I was angry and depressed. But I never took my frustration to my parents, which I should have but I fear that they would be so disappointed, so that kind of steered me away from rebellion. Its weird I know, but I was a distant person growing up. My sister Melisa, the one I wish I got to understand better must secretly hate me. She has two kids, they are sweet but I dont see them as much.My sister Angie, I grew up with her for a bit. I love her, but she was a misunderstood teen and do some funky decisions that made some explosive arguments between our dad and her. She was considered the black sheep of the family. I love her to death but now I dont see her. She had three kids, and I became an aunt wh en I was seven because of my sister. now my sister is ten years older than me, so she was a teen mom and my father hated that. Luckily he was nice to his grandchildren except for one. Now no more of this or this will turn into a chapter book. High school was absolutely boring.I entered a predominantly black and Hispanic high school, even though they were all for diversity you would see that in my school. I was an honor student. I didnt get bothered or bullied because everyone thought I did voodoo because they were so ignorant. I was a Goth not a witch even though I befriended a witch. She caused the trouble. But that did rid the bullies and even the gangsters away. They were just friendly to me. I kept a camera around and I would record my friends doing stunts and jokes. I would edit it and then in the end we would have a few laughs.Thats when I realized that I loved painting too. I spent more time in the art room then my other classes, and yes I got really good grades. High schoo l, now thinking about it, went by really fast. College Now that was the best times of my life. I went to a school far away from home. I wanted to be away from my overprotected parents. I wanted to be free and learn how to cook for myself and do my aver laundry whenever I wanted to. I was able to paint and intimacy new things that my parents will never know. The college I went to was out of a imagine book.Filled with haunted stories and farms to no end. The best parts would be the friends that I made, all the art classes I took and the lake. It was something I wasnt used to. I lived in a city for eighteen years and living in that say rural with closest city an hour away. So it was a spacious culture shock, but I made the greatest friends a girl could ever make. I was there for three years, I have institute love and I have found so much knowledge. I grew up when I was there. Sadly I couldnt afford it, so I took a break from school and withdrew from that school.Seven months I was nt in school. Looking for a job, failed miserably. So here I am typing this down. Ive been helping my mother with the 7 or so children in the daycare. To entertain myself I created arts and craft for toddlers. I taught my 2 year old how to write. Right then and there I realized that I wanted to be a instructor, again. Ive always wanted to be that but I always kept that to myself. I am venture in school. Soon I will be the art teacher that I want to be. But for now, stay in this new school, enthral the city and just be me.

Madame Bovary Analysis Essay

In Gustave Flauberts Madame Bovary, the story predominately follows how Emma Bovary becomes disenchanted with her intentstyle as the wife of Charles Bovary and seeks to find the unobtainable musical compositionner she so desperately dreams of from the books she reads. However, before exclusively of that, Charles Bovary has a history of his own with a previous marriage and a gloomful childhood. In the passage describing a need for his services and his journey to a surpass farm, the descriptive imagery and juxtaposition of his thoughts canalise how static his voice is.Flaubert chooses to describe Charles Bovarys demeanor and actions as easy release to illustrate to the audience how his nature is two just and c arefree. When a man deucedly comes to their home in the middle of the darkness with a letter requesting Charles to set a broken branching, he leans his elbow on the pillow to read it (11). Disregarding the occurrence that the situation is considered to be an eme rgency to many, Charles sluttish takes his time in his own comfort. This goes support to his growing up when chose to not tack together for his examination, resulting in his failure. He does not visualize the gravity of circumstances and does everything as he pleases. This is further exemplified when he decides to leave leash hours later, all well wrapped and moving in a peaceful cut short (11-12).Rather than trying to get at that place as fast as he can, he goes at a dance step where he can even crepuscle asleep. He has little to no take for the patient that is urgently waiting for him to barf him out of excruciating pain. He has to rush an attempt to recall the broken leg along with any knowledge he has on how to fix it during the journey (12). His want of ambition is prevalent in this sight as it brings up his past unemotionality towards his schoolwork, which is catching up with him now, along with his shortly indifference towards his work. He has no liking to ex cel in his job he is perfectly content being an average man doing average work. This insight to his character shows how for a good portion of his smell already, he has little to no goals in life and will just about in all probability never strive to go in a higher place the ordinary. The description of Charles lethargically treating his job reveals his unchanging dispirited outlook on life.Flauberts single-valued function of juxtaposition when Charles is confused amidst his memories from long ago and from now to acquit the lack of development indoors his character. He becomes disoriented amidst his life as a student and a married man because of his similarities in them, leading patronise to the inclination that he has not changed more than within the past years (12). The port he goes about regarding any task, whether it be in school or in his authorized home, is very calm and passive. He is already a grown man with a job and a wife, yet his personality has toleratee d unchanging. The reflection that he has unveils to us how, receivable to the stationary nature of his character, time has passed in a continuum such that he cannot unwrap when moments of his life have passed.Comparing his life in medical school with the weigh rings of the bed curtains running on their rods to his present life in a home with his wife sleeping, though most would think them to be vastly differing, the way he approaches them is the samelaid back to the point where he cannot distinguish between them anymore (12). By placing these two scenarios adjoining to each other, Flaubert signals to the readers that, similar to how Charles has not changed from his childhood to now, he will continue to remain this mediocre man even in the future. Although we do not know wherefore yet, this mindset of his seems to have importance towards the occupy of the story. Altogether, the juxtaposition of Charles former and current self-importance highlights the importance of his ordinary persona.Flauberts use of language brings out Charles Bovarys passive behavior, indicating a significance in his inactive character for later chapters. Charles easy tone ending demeanor, not laudable nor detrimental, seems to be a base off which other characters are compared to. Since he does not strive for much nor cause harm, he acts as a norm for people to relate to.

Critique Nursing

stress p suss out The end of this assignment is to unfavor satis particularory judgment and evaluate the chosen clause in terms of strengths and weaknesses, to demonstrate an apprehensiveness of the school principal process. jibe to Polit and Beck (2004) the aim of critic altogethery value an phrase is an attempt to determine its strengths and limitations. therefore, the search critique should reflect an objective and fit consideration of the contemplates effectuality and significance (Polit and Hungler 1999). The to a lower straytaking of critiquing is, according to Lo Biondo-Wood and Harber (2006) a ch totallyenging peer slight and only(a) and can only be efficaciously achieved done much drill and skill.For the take of this critique, the frameworks of Parahoo (1997) and Polit and Hungler (1999) welcome been use as a guide. This will assist in producing an unionized sub-headed piece of work. Title The surname of an term is the first part of a theme to be encountered and Parahoo (1997) situates that a entitle should steel water the readers attention to the precise argona of ascertain and make reference to the community from whom the selective information is collected. Cormack (2000) and Marshall and Kelly (2007) agree, stating a title should be concise and reflect the content of the vignette.The chosen clause is titled Perceived barriers and facilitators to tooling enquiry findings in the Irish practice setting. This title utilised by Glacken and Chaney is concise, consisting of 13 linguistic communication in bold print. Rumrill et al (2000) primary(prenominal)tain that a model length title is 12 15 words. all the same, the title does not reflect the population of the sampling root i. e. Registered Nurses. Although the title still provides insight into what the obligate is trying to accomplish. Author(s) According to Cormack (2000) look forers must be qualified to commence a esearch exact. The exploreers force and credentials in the article be clear stated and easy to find. They two have initials after their names, one of which has a PHD, which indicate that they have an educational earth. A search development Glacken and Chaney using the ProQuest database identifies several(prenominal) create articles by Glacken. According to Lo Biondo-Wood and Harber (2002) this enhances the credibility of a study placing confidence in the findings. The article was submitted for publication on the fore to the highest degree July 2003 and was accepted on the 9th January 2004.This illustrates that it was still relevantly recent and not dated when published which could have posed questions regarding validity and reliability. The journal of Clinical Nursing has published the article. This likewise adds to the credibility of the interrogation study, as all published articles ar double obligate peer brushuped. Abstract The intend of the move up is to provide a short countywide synopsis of a n article (Rumrill et al 2000). According to Parahoo (1997) it should quickly focus the readers attention on the main dapples of the study.Langford (2001) overly states that a well-presented pilfer should be accurate, self-contained and read adequate to(p). This lift gives a brief summary of the study and indoors the first few lines identifies what the study is trying to achieve to ascertain what registered nurses perceive as barriers to the utilisation of question findings and discover what they perceive would alleviate the implementation of these findings. The remainder of the abstract provides a summary of appeal (cross- fragmental survey), the population (registered nurses) and overall findings.One limitation say is that the interrogationers do not give the exact pattern sizing in the abstract. By indicant this summary it is believed that the reader would be able to make an informed choice round the relevance of the article for their purpose. The keywords used d eep down the abstract were barriers, clinical practice, facilitators, Republic of Ireland, utilisation. It is spanking that interrogationers read assign keywords for their articles in revise to aid publications searching through databases (Webb 2005).The keywords used by Glacken and Chaney are all relevant to the research study. Introduction The purpose of the introductory function is to clear localize the job and give a precept for the study been carried out (Cormack 2000). Poilt and Hungler (1999) agree by stating that the introduction should explain the research problem and why the study is fundamental, worthwhile and relevant. Russell (2004) also states that the introduction should thoroughly describe the background of the research problem so that the inquire for the study is apparent.The introduction given by Glacken and Chaney builds a cause from existing literary productions that the problem is of adequate value to cut unless research. The antecedent of thi s critique believes the research problem is in the last declare of the introduction. It states that there are umteen difficulties complex in achieving evidence based practice and m whatever barriers that whitethorn counteract research utilisation. If this is in accompaniment the research problem, the researchers observe with Russells (2004) recommendation that the research problem should advert directly from the introduction and conclude this component part.However one would feel that this introduction deals more with the enormousness of research rather than explaining that the remainder of the article will focus on the barriers that impede research. According to Cormack (2000) an introduction should also state the studys limitations. This particular introduction does not make the studys limitations explicit to the reader. Literature Review/ priming coat According to Parahoo (1997) a literature come off serves to put the current study into the linguistic con school text of what is already cognise more or less the subject.Cormack (2000) states that the literature come off is a critical review of previous literature relating to the research topic. and so this scratch aims to provide the reader with an at a lower placestanding of what the current state of evidence is in the selected area of study. This review is organized by heading that correspond to the key study concepts, which makes the review easy to follow. The researchers attempt to review previous studies relating to the topic, thus preparing the ground for pertly research. The studies presented highlight the significance of the problem under investigation.It was difficult to distinguish the exact research question, as there was no decided question asked. Although Valente (2003) states that abouttimes researchers may hold in the research question deep down the purpose of the study. The final statement of the literature review is therefore the purpose of this study it is well-ti med(a) that perceived barriers are identified and ac noesisd. and then as you read the review it moves from giving to specific relevance with the last share of the review clearly outlining the motive for the study. due to the article been published in 2004, it is expect that the references used will be relevantly recent.From reading the reference list, it can be seen that this is the case and only three references onwards 1994 have been used. There was a need for these older references as the original author who assiduous the Barriers dental plate did so in 1991 and the purpose of the 1978 reference was to illustrate that access code to research reports has been a problem for umpteen years. Also noted is that the articles included in the reference list are clearly tie in to the topic under study and include international resources, all breast feeding related. http//repository. uwc. ac. a/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10566/308/RoweBlendedLearning2012. pdf? sequence=3 Method Acc ording to Polit and Hungler (1999) the heart of the research critique is the analysis of the methodology decisions adopt in addressing the research question. Cormack (2000) suggests the method section should clearly state the research approach to be used and asks whether the method is appropriate to the research problem and whether the strengths and limitations of the approach are stated. Although not written in text it is clearly insinuateed out that the article is of a quantitative approach.Burns and Groves (1997) describe quantitative research as a method used to authorize more information, test relationships and uses numeric data to answer problems. In reviewing the methodology section which is under the subheading Methods, the researchers clearly demonstrate that the purpose method is a cross sectional survey using a non probability savour. According to Polit and Hungler (1999) a cross sectional design involves the appeal of data at one point in time. This descriptive study uses the conventional 29 item Barriers 5 point Likert scale, after firstly gaining permission from the main author to employ the instrument S.Funk. Therefore a strength of this article is related to the measurement tool. The researchers used an already unquestionable measurement device in which the reliability of the tool would have been determined. They reinforce this fact by saying that the scale is recognized to be psychometrically robust. A further quantitative research tool a questionnaire, was selected as the method to solicit opinions regarding the barriers to research. Cormack (2000) believes that questionnaires are the most widely used method of collecting data.However he recognises that if participants are aware that they are partaking in a study, it is natural that they expertness alter their response the Hawthorne Effect (Cormack 2000). The researchers do not state how they minimised this Hawthorne Effect. In rise to power to the questionnaire, a demograph ic information rag was utilised. This is in line with a descriptive design, as the purpose of such is to gain more information about the characteristics of a group (Vitale 2003). The research participants were a appliance sample of registered nurses who enrolled in a treat focused academic course in Trinity College, Dublin.All who enrolled were invited to participate in the study. However the recruitment process is not depict in much detail. It is not until the Findings section that the size of the sample is revealed 169 participants responded. According to Thompson (1999) the sample size in quantitative research is preferably a large sample. Vitale (2003) states that the frequent rule regarding sample size is sample error decreases as sample size increases. It is harder to generalise a sample of this size. It is value by the researchers in the Discussion section that the particular mode of sampling employed may introduce bias into the findings.This may result in the findings becoming less reliable. A limitation noted in the method design used by the researchers was the lack of an explicit framework. The researchers did not identify if they used one. When researching the other studies that used the Barriers scale the vast studyity used a framework. Ethical Consideration Ethics is an important part of nursing and nursing research. It is about researchers doing what is fair, decent and moral and is underpinned by determine and believes of the community (Crookes and Davies 2004).There is no designated section allocated to honourable considerations, however Hek (1996) states that estimable issues may be integrated throughout the article. This article addresses respectable issues in twain the abstract and under the method section. The researchers clarify that the ethical issues of a persons properly not to be harmed, right of full disclosure, right of self-determination, right of concealment and confidentiality were respected. According to the resear cher all participants provided their live with to the study by the returning of the effected questionnaire.Consent is vital as it respects the self-reliance of individuals, their right to privacy and their right to choose (Tingle and Cribb 2002). Results Cormack (2000) states that the results should be presented clearly and in rich detail so that the reader is able to measure how reliable the findings are. Polit and Beck (2004) agree by stating that the most critical element of any study is getting your results across and silent by your readers. Valente (2003) believes that the researchers should repeat the research question before delving into the findings.The researchers in this case presented the data in succinct form with teensy-weensy discourse at the start, but place their findings under subheadings. According to Russell (2004) researchers frequently organise their findings by research question to facilitate readability. The aim was to quantify the barriers to researc h implementation. The authors of this article present their findings systematically, utilising a variety of graphs and tables. record 1 shows a graph line drawing that 38% of the participants consulted journals more than twice a month.Table 1 presents the barriers to research utilisation in descending order of importance. Results were also explained and summarised aboard which according to Clifford (1997) is a form of descriptive statistics. According to Russell (2004) if a descriptive design was used the reader should find descriptive statistics such as mean, mode, median and standard deviation. All these statistics are included within the results section. The target audience (professional nurses) are more than likely to be able to transform the figures within each table and, thus, judge hoe reliable the results are.It is important that results are presented in such a focussing that they are clearly understood (Cormack 2000). Parahoo (1997) is an exhort of comparing results wi th other similar studies. The researchers pick out this style and examined the top 10 barriers with those instal in three recent studies (Table 3). The researchers showed their findings to be real similar with the studies undertaken in both Northern Ireland and Australia. Discussion/Conclusion The dissertateion section should flow from the data results and place the studys findings in context with what is already known (Parahoo 1997).Valente (2003) believes that under this section the researchers should summarise their major findings and conclude their application to practice, research, and theory and knowledge development. The researchers state that this section will discuss the findings in comparison with other studies undertaken. Valente (2003) states that author(s) should compare and contrast their results with other studies and interpret the findings. The news is unambiguous and supported by the results obtained. over again the researchers used subheadings to ease readab ility. There are many implications to practice identified by the researchers.According to Valente (2003) implications should describe how the results of the study could be utilize to nursing practice. For example the researchers discovered that their study and many other studies identified nurses perceived lack of authority as the most common barrier to research. Therefore they uncovered a need to implement some change into the organisational setting. Also, more support from managers was noted to be the top class-conscious facilitator of research implementation. The researchers also suggest a further research study, which would explore the reasons why nurses do not access research journals on a regular basis. General ImpressionOverall the article was interesting with clear aims and use of methodology. It was sooner simple to interpret and has provided interesting fact regarding this topic. The study contains few flaws and represents a valid example of descriptive quantitative res earch. The results have addressed the aims of the study and are both informative and descriptive. It is recommended that it should contain a section of ethical consideration however the ethical issues are evident throughout the article. In the introduction the article stresses the importance of research in nursing and health care. This builds a good case for continuing the study.Research is an inwrought part of every nurses role. But as this study revealed there are many barriers for nurses to overcome to properly utilise and implement research. This study has brought these barriers to the foreground and identified ship canal to overcome them. The findings were interesting, although it might become more reliable if the study was replicated using a larger, random sample group. The top ranked barrier to research utilisation was affect to read, as it was made known to be nurses perceived lack of authority. The article was very good overall and a striation of interesting facts emerge d from the study. References