Are Voltaire's and Goethe's social criticisms responsible for their Term Paper

Are Voltaire's and Goethe's social criticisms responsible for their protagonists' different ends - Term Paper Example The overview of these stories will provide some striking similarities in authors approach to magnify the evil elements of the society. Both protagonists had an ongoing journey of pain and agony which was the product of their personal believes and notions clashing with that of the society. As Voltaire pictures the horrific outcome of war: After passing over heaps of dead or dying men, the first place he came to was a neighboring village, in the Abarian territories, which had been burned to the ground by the Bulgarians, agreeably to the laws of war. Here lay a number of old men covered with wounds, who beheld their wives dying with their throats cut, and hugging their children to their breasts, all stained with blood. There several young virgins, whose bodies had been ripped open, after they had satisfied the natural necessities of the Bulgarian heroes, breathed their last; while others, half-burned in the flames, begged to be dispatched out of the world. The ground about them was covered with the brains, arms, and legs of dead men† (Voltaire 10, 11). Candide tried to flee from the place as soon as possible reflecting his hatred for war and to some extent his dissociation of emotions towards the victims. Here, Voltaire tried to highlight one of the dark sides of the society where woman were brutally victimized and used as a source to satiate the animal hunger of human flesh. Even the main characters of the novel Cunegonde, the old woman and Paquette were raped or made sex slaves. Moreover he criticized the psychology of the army men who proudly kills innocent people and quench their animal thirsts by sarcastically entitling them as ‘heroes’. Similar incidence happened in the other novel when Werther showed grieve over the heartache of country lad who tried to rape her mistress though he loved her so much. Goethe’s character also questioned the dim line between love and lust which

Development of Digital Television Technology

Development of Digital Television Technology Digital TV broadcasting and HDTV Introduction While Gugliemo Marconi is known as the inventor of wireless telegraphy in 1897 (Winston, 1998, p. 70), the inventor of television becomes a little more complicated as it entailed an evolution of over ten years to move from its concept to an actual picture transmission and reception. The patent for the electronic scanning tube, termed iconoscope, was held by Vladimir Zworykin, an Russian born inventor who worked for Westinghouse in 1923, however, Westinghouse did not see the utility in his invention and ordered Zworykin onto other projects (Bogart, 1956, p. 8, 348). Philo Farnsworth (Horvitz, 2002. p. 9, 92) advanced the concept, and it was John Logie Baird who accomplished the first transmissions of face shapes in 1924, who is also credited with the first television broadcast in 1926 (Horvitz, 2002, p. 101). From there, the development of television escalated with analog broadcasting representing the transmission method utilized in television until 2000 began the age of digital telev ision and radio broadcasting (Huff, 2001, pp. 4,8,69). To understand digital television, one needs a basic understanding of the manner in with analog television works. In the analog system a video camera takes pictures at 30 frames per second, which are then rasterized into rows of individual dots, termed pixels that are assigned specific color and intensity (howstuffworks.com, 2007a). Next, these pixel rows are then combined with synchronization signals termed horizontal and vertical sync, which permits the receiving television set understand how these rows should be displayed (howstuffworks.com, 2007a). The final signal that contains the preceding represents the composite video signal, which is separate from the sound (howstuffworks.com, 2007a). The difference between analog television and digital is that the analog system as a 4:3 aspect ration, which means the television screen is four units wide by three units high, thus a 25 inch analog television measured diagonally is 15 inches in height by 20 inches in width, with the aspect rat io for a digital television is represented by a 16:9 aspect ratio (Metallinos, 1996, pp. 27, 206 207). Digital broadcasting, as is the case in all broadcast formats, including radio, utilize part of the electromagnetic spectrum (Montgomery and Powell, 1985, pp. 20, 237). Electromagnetic wave frequencies consist of radio, infrared, light that is visible, ultraviolet, x-ray, gamma and then cosmic rays, in order of the lowest to the highest (Weber, 1961, pp. 105, 184). In reality, digital television broadcasting is a subset of digital radio broadcasting, under the ‘one-way digital radio standards’, which not only includes digital radio and television broadcasting, but digital terrestrial television, DVB-T, ISDB-t, ATSC, T-DMB, mobile TV, Satellite TV, radio pagers, as well as the Eureka 147 standard (DAB) to name a few (Levy, 2001, pp. 7,10,11,33). This examination shall delve into an understanding of digital television broadcasting, DAB, DVB-T, HDTV, and its deployment in Europe as well as the United States. Television’s New Age The advantages of digital television is that it offers a broader array of viewing options for both the consumer as well as broadcast stations in that it provides a clear picture and sharper sound, along with the ability of broadcasters to offer multiple sub-channels as a result of its formats (Levy, 2001, p. 71). The three formats, consisting of 1. 480i, which is 704X480 pixels that is broadcast at 60 interlaced frames a second representing 30 complete frames each second, and 480p which is 704X480 pixels that is broadcast at 60 complete frames each second, 2. 720p, whereby the picture is at 1280X720 pixels that is broadcast at 60 complete frames a second, and thirdly, 1080i where the picture is at 1920X1080 pixels that is sent at 60 interlaced frames each second representing 30 complete frames each second, and 1080p whereby the picture is broadcast at 1920X1080 pixels that is broadcast at 60 complete frames each second (howstuffworks.com, 2007b). Note: The above indicates the 525 horizontal line scans whereby each contains approximately 680 pixels. Each pixel represents one element of the picture and contains three areas of red, green and blue phosphor, which may be either rectangular or dots. The electron gun send out electron beams that strike the phosphors causing them to glow, with electromagnets located near the guns directing the beams in sequence to each pixel, with the broadcast signal providing information on how bright the phosphors should be made, at what time and in what sequence. As digital television broadcasting and digital audio broadcasting, DAB, are both based upon the electromagnetic wave principle, they work in the same manner, with DAB providing a broader range of digital channels that are not available on FM, as well as less hiss and interference, tuning to a station format or name and the support of scrolling radio text, MP3 playback and pause and rewind features (Scott, 1998, p. 9, 210). DVB-T represents the Euopean standard for broadcast of digital terrestrial television. DVB-T, or Digital Video Broadcasting – Terrestrial, is a new system whereby the digital audio and video data stream is compressed by use of a OFDM modulation that utilizes concatenated channel coding (Levy, 2001, pp. 3-21). Al-Askary et al (2005) advise that OFDM utilizes convolutional coding that does not have capability to adapt to variations of fading properties of individual sub-channels, thus providing clear distortion freer signals and reception. In the DVB-T method when utilized by broadcasters the signals transmitted are sent from one aerial antenna to another using a signal blaster to the home receivers (White, 2007). The broadcast is transmitted utilizing a digital audio-video stream that is compressed, based on the MPEG-2 standard, which is the result of the combination of one or more ‘Pactetised Elementary Streams’ (Chiariglione, 2000). Note: In summary, the source coding are multiplexed into programme streams, with one or more of these joined to create a MPEG-2 Transpot Stream that is transmitted to set top boxes in the home. It can accommodate six to eightMHz wide channels. Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB), which is also termed ‘Eureka 147’ represents the technology employed for the broadcasting of audio through the use of digital radio transmmision (Huff, 2001, pp. 67-78). In order to achieve the sound reproduction quality attributable to DAB, the bit rate levels must be high enough for the audio codec in the MPEG Layer 2 to provide the quality inherent in the system, as well as high enough to enable the error correction coding (digitalradiotech.co.uk, 2007). Both the DAB as well as the DVB-T systems utilize ‘orthogonal frequency division multiplexing’ (OFDM) modulation, with each system being able to handle 1536 sub-carriers (digitalradiotech.co.uk, 2007). The DAB and DVB-T also use the QPSK singal constellation to modulate the subcarriers, and also use 2 bits per symbol which the signal constellations can transmit on each of the subcarriers (digitalradiotech.co.uk, 2007). DAB (Digital Audio Broadcasting) is particularly suited to utilization in multimedia transmission systems, such as sound, moving pictures and text along with data (Levy, 2001, p. 177). As a radio frequency signal, DAB’s ability in being picked up by radio receivers represents an advantage over DVB-T, whose mobile reception signal â€Å"†¦ is significantly affected by †¦Ã¢â‚¬  the fast changing nature of the transmission channel, thus it is needed to utilize two antennas on the received along with a more complex and â€Å"†¦ elaborate signal processing for †¦ channel tracking† (Lauterjung, 1999). And while DVB-T was developed orginally for stationary reception utilizing a roof-top directional antenna as well as a non-directional antenna contained on a portable receiver, it has been adapted for moble reception as indicated (Lauterjung, 1999). Recent developments in tests conducted in Germany as well as Singapore have shown that DBV-T can be utilized in mobile reception, however the drawback is battery life as a result of power consumption (dvb.org, 2004). HDTV, high-definition television, utilizes approximaetly ten times the amount of pixels as a standard analog television set, representing a high end 1920 X 1080 pixels, against an analog television set’s 704 X 480 pixels (Huf, 2001, pp. 140-141). The high resolution of HDTV requires greater bandwidth thus making broadcast operators make a major financial commitment to deploy the new standard (Brown and Picard, 2005, pp. 47-49). The deployment problem means that in order to make the system work with their current infrastructure, operators would have to reduce the number of channels being offered, a marketing and customer problem in that operators have built their competitive systems on offering a greater number of channel selections. Brown and Picard (2005, p. 336) advise â€Å"The significance of the SDTV/HDTV issue is that, because the transmission of HDTV requires much more spectrum than SDTV, a trade-off is involved for any DTV system between a greater number of SDTV channels and a smaller number of HDTV channels (currently 4 to 6 SDTV channels can be transmitted within the amount of spectrum required for one HDTV channel)†. In addition to the foregoing, there is a lack of uniform standards in â€Å"Standardization, compatibility, interoperability and application portability are essential pillars in the erection of a successful and competitive European digital television system† (Nolan, 1997, p. 610). The National Association of Broadcasters’ estimate that the cost of the new equipment to carry HDTV and retain the number of stations will be between $10 to $40 million based on the station size (Pommier, 1995). Deployment will represent a problem in that the wider TV format will be cut off on standard square type televisions thus necessitating consumers to switch to wide screen television receivers in addition to the special HDTV receiver need to watch high definition broadcasts which can be received over cable or satellite (Brown and Picard, 2005, pp. 110-115). The HD receiver being sold at  £299 by UK broadcaster BSkyB, along with an added  £10 for the service on top of the basic subscr iption charge are another example of the inhibiting factors in deployment O’Brien, 2006). HDTV basically represents what Dietrich Westerkamp who is the worldwide director of broadcast standards at the electronics giant Thomson, which is the largest European manufacturer of HD satellite receivers, calls â€Å"†¦ a chicken and egg situation† (O’Brien, 2006). The situation has been the case with HDTV in the United States as well as Europe, with broadcasters waiting to see enough purchasers of the new television sets before making the financial commitment concerning equipment changes, and consumers waiting to see stations available before making the financial commitment for the new HDTV sets. The answer could be coming from television manufacturers who are starting to turn out HD compatible sets. One such example is Samsung, who has announced that two-thirds of its flat panel production will be HD compatible (O’Brien, 2006). Something will be needed to help jump-start the HDTV situation as presently the size of the potential viewing audience is to sm all to justify the conversion expense, explains Rudi Kuffner, spokesperson for Germany’s largest broadcaster ARD (O’Brien, 2006). Conclusion Since the first television broadcast of face shapes by John Baird in 1924, and the first television broadcast in 1926 (Horvitz, 2002, p. 101) television has come a long way. The introduction of digital television and radio broadcasting in 2000 has increased the viewing experience in providing a broader array of channels, signal clarity and sound as well as giving broadcasters an expanded marketing option of more to offer consumers in a highly competitive market. The new flat panel television sets and digital broadcasting have expanded the ways in which consumers as well as broadcasters view the market. With mobile television systems and the new digital radio channels offering playback and other features, entertainment is getting another big boost. With the biggest new development, that has been around for over four years set to enhance broadcasting and viewing pleasure, when the financial justifications reach the investment levels. HDTV represents the next quantum leap in television despite all of its problems. Technology keeps improving the sphere of entertainment, and it is ultimately consumers who benefit. Bibliography Al-Askary, O., Sidiropoulos, L., Kunz, L., Vouzas, C., Nassif, C. (2005) Adaptive Coding for OFDM Based Systems using Generalized Concatenated Codes. Radio Communications Systems, Stockholm, Sweden Bogart, L. (1956) The Age of Television: A Study of Beijing Habits and the Impact of Television on American Life. Frederick Ugar Publishing. New York, United States Brown, A., Picard, R. (2005) Digital Terrestrial Television in Europe. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Mahwah, N.J., United States Chiariglione, L. (2000) MPEG-2. Retrieved on 2 April 2007 from http://www.chiariglione.org/mpeg/standards/mpeg-2/mpeg-2.htm digitalradiotech.co.uk (2007) Comparison of the DAB, DMB DvB-H Systems. Retrieved on 2 April 2007 from http://www.digitalradiotech.co.uk/dvb-h_dab_dmb.htm dvdaust.com (2007) Aspect Ratios. Retrieved on 30 March 2007 from http://www.dvdaust.com/aspect.htm dvb.org (2004) DVB-H Handheld. Retrieved on 2 April 2007 from http://www.dvb.org/documents/white-papers/wp07.DVB-H.final.pdf Horvitz, L. (2002) Eureka! Stories of Scientific Discovery. Wiley, New York, United States howstuffworks.com (2007b) How Digital Television Works. Retrieved on 31 March 2007 from http://www.howstuffworks.com/dtv3.htm howstuffworks.com (2007a) Understanding Analog TV. Retrieved on 30 March 2007 from http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/dtv1.htm Huff, A. (2001) Regulating the Future: Broadcasting Technology and Governmental Control. Greenwood Press, Westport, CT, United States Kiiski, A. (2004) Mobile Virtual Network Operators. Research Seminar on Telecommunications Business, Helsinki University of Technology Levy, D. (2001) Europe’s Digital Revolution: Broadcasting Regulation, the EU and Nation State. Routledge, London, United Kingdom Lawrence Berkeley National Lab (2004) Electromagnetic Spectrum. Retrieved on 2 April 2007 from http://www.lbl.gov/MicroWorlds/ALSTool/EMSpec/EMSpec2.html Lauterjung, J. (1999) An enhanced testbed for mobile DVB-T receivers. Retrieved on 2 April 2007 from http://www.rohde-schwarz.com/www/dev_center.nsf/frameset?OpenAgentwebsite=comcontent=/www/dev_center.nsf/html/artikeldvb-t Metallinos, N. (1996) Television Aesthetics: Perceptual, Cognitive, and Compositional Bases. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Mahwah, New Jersey, United States Montgomery, H., Powell, J. (1985) International Broadcasting by Satellite: Issues of Regulation, Barriers to Communication. Quorum Books, Westport, CT., United States Nolan, D. (1997) Bottlenecks in pay TV: Impact on market development in Europe. Vol. 21, No. 7. Telecommunications Policy O’Brien (2006) Broadcasters shrink from taking HDTV leap. 30 August 2006 PBS.org. (2006b) Electronic TV. Retrieved on 30 March 2007 from http://www.pbs.org/opb/crashcourse/tv_grows_up/electronictv.html PBS.org (2006a) Mechanical TV. Retrieved on 30 March 2007 from http://www.pbs.org/opb/crashcourse/tv_grows_up/mechanicaltv.html PBS.org (2006b) Widescreen. Retrieved on 2 April 2007 from http://www.pbs.org/opb/crashcourse/aspect_ratio/widescreen.html Pommier, G. (1995) High Definition Television (HDTV). Retrieved on 3 April 2007 from http://gabriel.franciscan.edu/com326/gpommier.html Scott, R. (1998) Human Resource Management in the Electronic Media. Quorum Books, Westport, CT, United States University of Toledo (2005) Television. Retrieved on 2 April 2007 from http://www.physics.utoledo.edu/~lsa/_color/31_tv.htm Weber, J. (1961) General Relativity and Gravitational Waves. Interscience Publishers, New York, United States White, D. (2007) What is DVB-T? Retrieved on 1 April 2007 from http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-dvb-t.htm Winston, B. (1998) Media Technology and Society: A History From the Telegraph to the Internet. Routledge, London, United Kingdom

JOHN COLLINS WARREN (August 1, 1778- May 4, 1856) :: Essays Papers

JOHN COLLINS WARREN (August 1, 1778- May 4, 1856) Synapsis The scientific community experienced several advancements from the late 18th century through the mid-19th century. This time period is of primary focus to illustrate the era in which a well accomplished anatomist left an astonishing, but often overlooked, mark in history. John Collins Warren, a skillful surgeon and fine anatomist, influenced and helped re-shape world wide views with his work on comparative anatomy titled Comparative View of the Sensorial and Nervous Systems in Men and Animals. A look into his life, accomplishments, and the time period itself will allow a thorough understanding of the importance and impact left by this work; a work previously unviewed by the internet community. John Collins Warren, born August 1, 1778, was a native of Massachusetts. Warren’s earliest influence, his father, was active in the medical community as both a doctor and surgeon. Warren’s father was such a great influence that young Warren himself decided to pursue a medical career. Warren chose a medical career, coercion free, feeling it would be most beneficial (E. Warren 21). Warren showed early on that his life was full of commitment and willfulness; he readily applied these traits towards his own education. At the time Warren began his studies there was no hospital in Boston and after one year of American schooling, he ventured to Europe to continue his studies. Around the beginning of the 19th century, voyages overseas were not easily accomplished; Warren’s voyage lasted twenty-four days and confirmed his sense of dedication. While in Europe, Warren studied in both London and Paris. Studying overseas was, as Warren himself had predicted, very beneficial. It enabled him to establish life-long relationships with influential members of the scientific community. With help from others, Warren was able to attend lectures by the most prominent scientists in Europe. Several of Warren’s journal entries from Europe speak of lectures by well-established scientists Vauqelin and Hope (E. Warren 57). After spending a sufficient amount of time in Europe, Warren felt he was well-learned and returned to America to advance his career in medicine. Upon returning to America, Warren continued his studies at Harvard and Cambridge and was forced to embrace what seemed like a whole different world.

How Height Affects Time Taken for A Falling Object to Reach Ground Level Essay

Introduction: In this investigation, how height will affect the time taken for a steel ball bearing to reach the ground will be investigated. It is was Isaac Newton that first discovered gravity and wrote laws defining it. His Second Law of Motion states that the Resultant Force on an object (F) is equal to the Mass of the body (m) times its acceleration (a), or . The weight (W) of a body is the force of gravity acting on it, which gives it acceleration (g) if it is falling freely close to the earth’s surface. If the body was to have a mass (m) Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion could calculate its weight. Given that and Newton’s Law becomes . In April of 2003, in a method similar to that, which will be conducted in this investigation, the acceleration of gravity was concluded to be 9.81. Using the knowledge mentioned above, several equation of motion have been created. One particularly relevant to this investigation is . In this equation: S = Distance in meters (In this case height) u = Initial velocity in * t = Time Taken in seconds a = Acceleration in ** * As the ball begins its fall from rest, its initial velocity, u, will be 0 ** As the ball is falling under acceleration due to gravity, = 9.81 Plan: In this investigation, since the means to calculate air resistance and friction are unavailable, they will be ignored. Acceleration due to gravity and the method by which the investigation will be carried out are controlled variables. The height from which the ball is dropped is the independent variable, i.e. the variable that is changed and the dependent variable is the time taken for the ball to reach the ground. It is predicted that as the height from which the ball is dropped decreases, the time taken for the ball to reach the ground will also decrease. An actual set of predicted values can be predicted from the earlier mention Equations of Motion. This line of the equation can be related to the straight-line graph equation , (the gradient) and . When the ball is dropped from 0.00m, it takes 0.00seconds to reach the ground as this will mean that the graph will pass through the origin so . Alternatively: . Using the above equations, the expected results for the investigation are: Height H, (m) Time t, (secs) Time squared t2, (secs2) 1.0 0.452 0.204 0.9 0.428 0.183 0.8 0.404 0.163 0.7 0.378 0.143 0.6 0.350 0.123 0.5 0.319 0.102 0.4 0.288 0.082 0.3 0.247 0.061 0.2 0.202 0.041 0.1 0.143 0.020 0.0 0.000 0.000 This is what the expected graph of Height vs. time should look like: Height (m) Time (secs) The following page shows what the expected graph for Height vs. time2 should look like. It is a straight line passing through the origin, thus proving the prediction . The expected gradient, m, should be equal to 1/2 g, or, 4.905ms-2. It is actually 4.926ms-2, which is only 0.021 ms-2 out or 0.428%. This is probably due to the rounding of decimal places when drawing the graph and human error in plotting the points (i.e. not exactly accurate to 3 decimal places.) Apparatus & Diagram: Safety: As there is a very minimal risk in this investigation, no safety measures need to be taken. It is planned to drop the ball from a height of 1m and decrease in intervals of 0.1m. At each height 5 readings will be recorded and then the mean result will be calculated. This makes the results more reliable (and better for use in calculation like working out g or the mass of the steel ball.) The Results will be recorded in a table like this: Height (cm) Time taken for ball to reach ground (seconds) Mean Result Mean Result2 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 00 It is hoped that a graph of height vs. the mean results squared will be produced similar to that on page 4. In the graph, it is hoped to prove that the time-taken-for-a-ball2 to fall is directly proportional to the height it is dropped from, i.e. . Obtaining Evidence: Height (cm) Time taken for ball to reach ground (seconds) Mean Result Mean Result2 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 100 0.456 0.454 0.458 0.454 0.454 0.455 0.207 90 0.432 0.431 0.431 0.432 0.432 0.432 0.186 80 0.406 0.407 0.406 0.407 0.406 0.406 0.165 70 0.380 0.382 0.382 0.383 0.381 0.382 0.146 60 0.353 0.354 0.354 0.354 0.354 0.354 0.125 50 0.323 0.323 0.322 0.322 0.322 0.322 0.104 40 0.289 0.288 0.293 0.289 0.287 0.289 0.084 30 0.252 0.251 0.251 0.250 0.251 0.251 0.063 20 0.208 0.207 0.206 0.206 0.206 0.207 0.043 10 0.150 0.150 0.150 0.150 0.151 0.150 0.023 00 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Graphs: In the following pages, the results recorded in the above table will be shown in the form of line graphs. This will make it easier to identify a trend in the results. It is also an appropriate method of recording the information and is useful for quick reference; also if the time for the ball to fall is desired from a height other than the ones specified in the table, the value can be obtained from the graph. Conclusion: The general trends from the graphs show, as predicted; when the height from which the ball was dropped decreased, the time taken for the ball to reach the ground also decreased. In the graph of Height vs. Time2,, it is shown that Height is directly proportional to Time2. The reason for this is derived from one of the Equations of Motion: , from this equation below, it was shown that . The final line of the above equation can be related to the straight-line graph equation . , (the gradient) and . C can be ignored as the line in the graph passes the y-axis at the orgin. Fundamentally: . H = S = The height in meters from which the ball was dropped. = The time in seconds that the ball took to land. a = g = The acceleration due to the gravitational pull of the earth. Note: The factor that affected the acceleration was g, (which, on earth, is ) is the mass of the planet, for Earth this is constant. The results of the investigation are consistent with the prediction. The relationship of was proved in the similarity of the graphs on page 4 & 8, they had almost the exact same gradient, only 0.072ms-2 in difference (or 1.462%) it was also very similar to the mathematical prediction of the gradient (1/2g) again only 0.051 ms-2 out. Evaluation: In this investigation, all results are held to be very reliable. When the data was being collected, sophisticated technology was used which measured time accurately and reliably to the nearest thousandth of a second. All recorded results were in very close proximity of each other, so that 0.006seconds was the maximum difference observed. There were no anomalies observed. All points on the graph on page 8 are not only close to the line of best fit, they are actually on it. The results in this investigation are believed to be very reliable; as a result no changes need to be made to the procedure.

The Importance and Application of Principles of Management in the Present Day Context

The aim of all good modern organizations is to reconcile the organizational purpose (whether this be profit for shareholders, or cost-effective services delivery, in the case of public services) with the needs and feelings of people (staff, customers, suppliers, local communities, stakeholders, etc) with proper consideration for the planet – the world we live in (in terms of sustainability, environment, wildlife, natural resources, our heritage, ‘fair trade', other cultures and societies, etc) and at all times acting with probity – encompassing love, integrity, compassion, honesty, and truth.Probity enables the other potentially conflicting aims to be harmonized so that the mix is sustainable, ethical and successful. [pic] Traditional inward-looking management and leadership skills (which historically considered only the purpose – typically profit – and the methods for achieving it) are no longer sufficient for sustainable organizational success. Org anizations have a far wider agenda today. Management Management is the process of reaching organizational goals by working with people and other resources.Or knowing what you want people to do, and then getting them to do it the best way. Managers must concentrate on reaching organizational goals, and they should use their resources to accomplish those goals. For many years the management process has been divided into principles, sometimes called functions. Some sources will state that there are five principles and others will say there are four. Here we will use four: planning, organizing, influencing, and controlling. Some people use decision making as a fifth principle, but we will use decision making as part of the planning process.Also, some use leading instead of influencing, but we like the term influencing better. Management is a continuing process, and managers are always involved in some way with these principles. These principles are designed to help managers accomplish o rganizational objectives, and good managers will use them. These principles are not isolated but are interwoven throughout the manager’s thoughts and actions. Managers must combine and coordinate these principles and must maximize their value to achieve their goals.Managers strive to be effective and efficient and these principles help them. These management principles are universal and applicable to all types of businesses and organizations The basic ideas regarding scientific management developed. They include the following: †¢ Developing new standard methods for doing each job †¢ Selecting, training, and developing workers instead of allowing them to choose their own tasks and train themselves †¢ Developing a spirit of cooperation between workers and management to ensure that work is carried out in accordance with devised procedures Dividing work between workers and management in almost equal shares, with each group taking over the work for which it is best fitted Principles of Management The principles of management derive their significance from their utility. They provide useful insights to managerial behavior and influence managerial practices. Managers may apply these principles to fulfill their tasks and responsibilities. Principles guide managers in taking and implementing decisions. It may be appreciated that everything worthwhile is governed by an underlying principle.The quest of the management theorists has been and should be to unearth the underlying principles with a view to using these under repetitive circumstances as a matter of management habit. [pic] The significance of principles of management can be discussed in terms of the following points: †¢ Providing managers with useful insights into reality: The principles of management provide the managers with useful insights into real world situations. Adherence to these principles will add to their knowledge, ability and understanding of managerial situations and cir cumstances.It will also enable managers to learn from past mistakes and conserve time by solving recurring problems quickly. As such management principles increase managerial efficiency. For example, a manager can leave routine decision-making to his subordinates and deal with exceptional situations which require her/his expertise by following the principles of delegation. †¢ Optimum utilization of resources and effective administration: Resources both human and material available with the company are limited. They have to be put to optimum use.By optimum use we mean that the resources should be put to use in such a manner that they should give maximum benefit with minimum cost. Principles equip the managers to foresee the cause and effect relationships of their decisions and actions. As such the wastages associated with a trial-and-error approach can be overcome. Principles of management limit the boundary of managerial discretion so that their decisions may be free from perso nal prejudices and biases †¢ Scientific decisions: Decisions must be based on facts, thoughtful and justifiable in terms of the intended purposes.They must be timely, realistic and subject to measurement and evaluation. Management principles help in thoughtful decision-making. They emphasize logic rather than blind faith. Management decisions taken on the basis of principles are free from bias and prejudice. They are based on the objective assessment of the situation. †¢ Meeting changing environment requirements: Although the principles are in the nature of general guidelines but they are modified and as such help managers to meet changing requirements of the environment.You have already studied that management principles are flexible to adapt to dynamic business environment. For example, management principles emphasize division of work and specialization. In modern times this principle has been extended to the entire business whereby companies are specializing in their co re competency and divesting non-core businesses. In this context, one may cite the decision of Hindustan Lever Limited in divesting non-core businesses of chemicals and seeds. Some companies are outsourcing their non-core activities like share-transfer management and advertising to outside agencies.So much so, that even core processes such as R&D, manufacturing and marketing are being outsourced today. †¢ Fulfilling social responsibility: The increased awareness of the public, forces businesses especially limited companies to fulfill their social responsibilities. Management theory and management principles have also evolved in response to these demands. Moreover, the interpretation of the principles also assumes newer and contemporary meanings with the change in time. So, if one were to talk of ‘equity’ today, it does not apply to wages alone.Value to the customer, care for the environment, and dealings with business associates would all come under the purview of this principle. †¢ Management training, education and research: Principles of management are at the core of management theory. As such these are used as a basis for management training, education and research. You must be aware that entrance to management institutes is preceded by management aptitude tests. Do you think that these tests could have been developed without an understanding of management principles and how they may be applied in different situations?These principles provide basic groundwork for the development of management as a discipline. Principles of Scientific Management In the earlier days of the Industrial Revolution, in the absence of an established theory of factory organization, factory owners or managers relied on personal judgment in attending to the problems they confronted in the course of managing their work. This is what is referred to as ‘rule of thumb’. Managing factories by rule of thumb enabled them to handle the situations as they arose but suffered from the limitation of a trial and error approach.For their experiences to be emulated, it was important to know what works and why does it work. For this, there was a need to follow an approach that was based on the method of science- Defining a problem, developing alternative solutions, anticipating consequences, measuring progress and drawing conclusions The Main principles of management applied today are: †¢ Division of Work: Work is divided into small tasks/jobs. A trained specialist who is competent is required to perform each job. Thus, division of work leads to specialization. Specialization produces more and better work with the same effort. Authority and responsibility: Authority is the right to give orders and the power to exact obedience. A manager has official authority because of her position, as well as personal authority based on individual personality, intelligence, and experience. Authority creates responsibility. †¢ Discipline: Discipl ine is the obedience to organizational rules and employment agreement which are necessary for the working of the organization. According to Fayol, discipline requires good superiors at all levels, clear and fair agreements and judicious application of penalties. Unity of Command: An employee should receive orders from only one superior. †¢ Unity of Direction: Organizational activities must have one central authority and one plan of action. †¢ Subordination of Individual Interest to General Interest: The interests of one employee or group of employees are subordinate to the interests and goals of the organization. †¢ Remuneration of personnel: Salaries – the price of services rendered by employees – should be fair and provide satisfaction both to the employee and employer. Centralization and Decentralization: The concentration of decision-making authority is called centralization whereas its dispersal among more than one person is known as decentralizatio n. The objective of centralization is the best utilization of personnel. The degree of centralization varies according to the dynamics of each organization. †¢ Scalar Chain: An organization consists of superiors and subordinates. The formal lines of authority from highest to lowest ranks are known as scalar chain. †¢ Order: Organizational order for materials and personnel is essential.The right materials and the right employees are necessary for each organizational function and activity. †¢ Equity: In organizations, equity is a combination of kindliness and justice. Both equity and equality of treatment should be considered when dealing with employees. †¢ Stability of tenure of personnel: To attain the maximum productivity of personnel, a stable work force is needed. †¢ Initiative: Thinking out a plan and ensuring its success is an extremely strong motivator. Zeal, energy, and initiative are desired at all levels of the organizational ladder. Esprit de corps : Teamwork is fundamentally important to an organization. Work teams and extensive face-to-face verbal communication encourages teamwork. Change management is a basic skill in which most leaders and managers need to be competent. When leaders or managers are planning to manage change, there are five key principles that need to be kept in mind: †¢ Different people react differently to change †¢ Everyone has fundamental needs that have to be met †¢ Change often involves a loss, and people go through the â€Å"loss curve† †¢ Expectations need to be managed realistically †¢ Fears have to be dealt withHow to apply the above principles when managing change: †¢ Give people choices to make, and be honest about the possible consequences of those choices. †¢ Where it is possible to do so, give individuals opportunity to express their concerns and provide reassurances – also to help assuage potential fears. †¢ Give people information â€⠀œ be open and honest about the facts, but don't give overoptimistic speculation. †¢ For large groups, produce a communication strategy that ensures information is disseminated efficiently and comprehensively to everyone (don't let the grapevine take over). Keep observing good management practice, such as making time for informal discussion and feedback (even though the pressure might seem that it is reasonable to let such things slip – during difficult change such practices are even more important). †¢ Give people time, to express their views, and support their decision making, providing coaching, counseling or information as appropriate, to help them through the loss curve. †¢ Where the change involves a loss, identifies what will or might replace that loss – loss is easier to cope with if there is something to replace it. This will help assuage potential fears.

Read The Instructions In The Uploaded Picture Example

Read The Instructions In The Uploaded Picture Example Read The Instructions In The Uploaded Picture – Admission/Application Essay Example Creating a Reliable Database for Small Business Enterprises – Information Technology Information technology refers to the transfer and access of data through the use of computers. Small business enterprises need to create and design reliable databases for better services and loss minimization. For instance, if a small business man runs a chain of hotels or has a cafà © offering both take in and take away foods, it is prudent for them to design a database for his products (Reid 13). The logical database design will rely on different entities depending on what the cafà © provides most to its clients. The database should put into consideration customer preferences, price list; door delivery if available and a mode of ordering by the clients from the comfort of their homes. For effectiveness, the database should indicate details of the customers, those who buy takeaway, take in and those who prefer to order from their homes. Database will play a significant role for the business by creating a strong customer base and increase their loyalty in case the business person decides to give offers in times of special occasions for his clients. The database should contain all the sales of the day, enable a tracking functionality; this helps in reducing loss and theft from employees. The database should also contain all the details of every single employee working in the hotel/cafà © for easier reference (Reid 13). A reliable database for any single small business enterprise will change the dynamics of the venture, and increase customers hence increased profits. It’s a challenging aspect of the information technology, but every business person should be encouraged to implement it for the benefit of their businesses.Work Cited Reid, Gavin, Small Business Enterprise: An Economic Analysis, Routledge, 2002, Pg 13, Print.

Essay on All That Glitters Is Not Gold Essay Example

Essay on All That Glitters Is Not Gold Essay Example Essay on All That Glitters Is Not Gold Paper Essay on All That Glitters Is Not Gold Paper All That Glitters Is Not Gold Essay with Examples Many things may appear very attractive. But, when they are examined, they often prove to be deceptive. One cannot judge the quality of a thing by seeing its exterior only. Thus is the proverb – â€Å"All that glitters is not gold. † A beautiful packaged product launched in the market after massive advertising campaign may attract the consumer. One who cannot afford to buy most of the goods is easily tricked in to buying fake and imitation goods. He may buy that product once, but if the product is of poor quality, he would not buy it again. The quality of anything can be judge only if we come to know the reality of a thing. Gold is gold if the wearer knows it. The wearer doesn’t have to worry, whether it shines or not. Sometimes, many people wear jewelleries of inferior metal and to hide their defect, they are given a glittering shine of gold. They look beautiful and attract many a person, but the one who wears it, worries about its shine. One cannot judge a person from his smiling face or cheerful appearance. The saffron colored dress stands for renunciation and selflessness. The person wearing it is considered to be a saint. He is expected to give correct advice and guidance to whoever seeks his aid. But it is noticed that, in the name of sainthood, many people have accumulated wealth and property by exploiting the innocent faith of the disciples. Education and knowledge can improve awareness among the masses. A layman can be misled. But if he has knowledge about a particular thing, he cannot be cheated. One should use ones discretion to judge persons and things. One should always try to find out the true nature of things and should find out the reality hidden behind their glittering face.

Practice in Using the Present Perfect in English

Practice in Using the Present Perfect in English Once you understand how to form the past tense of regular verbs, you shouldnt find it difficult to use verbs in the present perfect. All youll need to add is an auxiliary verb (also known as a helping verb)has or have. Using Has and Have With Past Participles Coupled with the auxiliary verb has  or have, a past participle can serve as the main verb in a sentence. Compare these two sentences: Carla worked here for five years.Carla has worked here for five years. The first sentence is in the past tense: Carla once worked here but no longer does. The second sentence carries a different meaning: Carla still works here. We use has or have with a past participle to describe an action that started in the past and is (or may be) still going on. This construction is called the present perfect. The past participle form of a regular verb is identical to the past form: it always ends in -ed: Olga has promised to help me.Max and Olga have finished the race.We have tried to do our best. The auxiliary verbhas or havechanges to agree with its subject (see Correcting Errors in Subject-Verb Agreement), but the past participle itself does not change: Carla has worked here for five years.Carla and Fred have worked here for five years. Use the past tense to show a completed action. Use the present perfect (has or have plus the past participle) to show an action begun in the past but continuing up to the present. Exercise: Forming the Past Tense and the Present-Perfect Complete the second sentence in each set with the correct form of the verb in parentheses. Use either the past tense or the present perfect tense (has or have plus the past participle). The first sentence in each pair will help you decide which tense is needed in the second sentence. Mr. Baggins lives in the house next door. He (live) there for the past eight years.We are still raising money for the scholarship drive. So far we (raise) over $2,000.I have gained five pounds since I started my diet. At the same time, I (gain) a craving for Milky Way bars.I watched the Jon Stewart show last night. Then I (watch) David Lettermans program.I have called you several times this week. You (call) me once last spring.Jenny frequently uses the new word processor. Kyle not (use*) it once.Several years ago I stayed two weeks on a farm. I (stay) in the city ever since.Addie shouted in my ear. I turned and (shout) right back.Lu ordered one book from the club last year. He not (order*) anything since.I have never tried to raise chickens. Once I (try) to raise hogs. * The negatives not and never often go between the auxiliary verb and the past participle in the present-perfect tense. Answers has livedhave raisedhave gainedwatchedcalledhas not usedhave stayedshoutedhas not orderedtried

Foundation Skills in Nursing Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Foundation Skills in Nursing Assessment - Essay Example he nurses, since appropriate hand washing techniques are known to prevent spread of hospital-acquired infection (Lee, Huber, and Davidson, 2008, 12-17). Before beginning my care with him, I decided that I would observe the staff. As per recommendations and guidelines, one should wash hands before and after attending a patient. Therefore, before handling this patient, I went to the wash basin, took out my watch and ring, and then thoroughly rinsed my hands with water right from the elbows to the fingertips The (Infection Control Nurses Association (ICNA), 2003). I had to repeatedly wash these areas with soap and water taking special care not to avoid any areas. The ward had adequate facilities in all patient areas and treatment rooms. I observed that the wash basins in these areas were special in that they had elbow lever-operated mixer taps and were provided with liquid soap dispensers, paper hand towels, and foot-operated waste basins. In some cases there were alcohol hand rubs and gels available along with that. I had observed in some cases, when workload was high and less time was available for hand wash, the staff is using alcohol rub instead of soap wash (Nevill and Ikeda, 2006, 12). The RCN guidelines for hand hygiene clearly state that the hands should be decontaminated with correct techniques by washing with a soap or using alcohol solution, and this procedure needs to be stringent before direct contact with the patient or after any activity or contact with the patient including after removal of the gloves (Royal College of Nursing, 2005). Although alcohol is widely used as a rub in the clinical setting, soap and water wash is ideal, and after the wash, the hands should be dried thoroughly. The hands of the healthcare professionals ideally should have short nails, free of polish and clean. It has been shown that wrist watches, jewellery, rings, or rings with stones carry bacteria potentially; hence they should not be worn (Royal College of Nursing, 2005 ).

History of Architecture Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

History of Architecture - Research Paper Example he posts are often made with the wood while the roof or the building was covered with stone tiles that made the roof heavy and protect the building from the heavy winds and cyclones. In this way, the architectural techniques were adopted not only to make the building attractive but also durable. The most significant buildings that signified the Japanese architecture included shrines and temples. Unlike some Chinese and Western architecture, the Japanese architecture tries to avoid the use of stone unless deemed necessary for specific purposes as noted in the temple of pagoda and podia foundations. The structural layout includes lintels and posts. The style of building the shrines also contributed to the construction style for domestic and urban architecture characterized by the nature of the building materials and the design of the tower. Buddhism is therefore cited as a major contributor in enhancement of Japanese architecture as noted by building of temples (Young & Young 1-28). In the Japanese structures Sliding doors were utilized to maintain no hurdle and to keep the inner space wide open. Little or even no furniture was placed inside the rooms to make the inner space open. Considering Japanese history of architecture, the Japanese architecture went through numerous periods of innovation. The beginning of the 7th century was mostly dominated by wooden structures noted by temples and shrines built by the noblemen. This period in history is referred to as Nara and Asuka periods of architecture. They were also periods that marked heightened growth of Japanese art and culture. In the 9th century, which was referred to as the Heian period was basically a continuation of the architectural developments in the previous periods. It also marked a period of the beginning of the Chinese influence as one of the formidable architectural forces as Japanese architects of the time travelled and studied Chinese design. Thereafter, wood temples started to spring up in large

History of Architecture Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

History of Architecture - Research Paper Example he posts are often made with the wood while the roof or the building was covered with stone tiles that made the roof heavy and protect the building from the heavy winds and cyclones. In this way, the architectural techniques were adopted not only to make the building attractive but also durable. The most significant buildings that signified the Japanese architecture included shrines and temples. Unlike some Chinese and Western architecture, the Japanese architecture tries to avoid the use of stone unless deemed necessary for specific purposes as noted in the temple of pagoda and podia foundations. The structural layout includes lintels and posts. The style of building the shrines also contributed to the construction style for domestic and urban architecture characterized by the nature of the building materials and the design of the tower. Buddhism is therefore cited as a major contributor in enhancement of Japanese architecture as noted by building of temples (Young & Young 1-28). In the Japanese structures Sliding doors were utilized to maintain no hurdle and to keep the inner space wide open. Little or even no furniture was placed inside the rooms to make the inner space open. Considering Japanese history of architecture, the Japanese architecture went through numerous periods of innovation. The beginning of the 7th century was mostly dominated by wooden structures noted by temples and shrines built by the noblemen. This period in history is referred to as Nara and Asuka periods of architecture. They were also periods that marked heightened growth of Japanese art and culture. In the 9th century, which was referred to as the Heian period was basically a continuation of the architectural developments in the previous periods. It also marked a period of the beginning of the Chinese influence as one of the formidable architectural forces as Japanese architects of the time travelled and studied Chinese design. Thereafter, wood temples started to spring up in large

Business Communication High School Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business Communication High School - Essay Example This will be a truly blessed opportunity to see the developmental work we have successfully achieved with your invaluable help in the past years. It will also be a wonderful opportunity for our kids to show off their skills and their gratitude. While it has been said that "it takes a village to raise a child", nothing can be truer for our kids at inner city New York, where much work still remains to be done to make our city safer, and our kids more fully aware of the emerging issues that concern everyone, even them. Now, there are a couple of ways wherein you can truly participate: one is to drop by and read our special stories for the day to the kids, stories that will highlight the little things they can do to help the community; or you can send a check with the enclosed business reply mail form. So please mark the 20th of May 2009 off your calendar and let us get together at the Seniors for Kids Day Care Center beginning at 10 in the morning. And remember, whatever little helps-after all the kids of inner city New York are your kids too.

SAM 448 UNIT 4 ASSIGNMENT Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

SAM 448 UNIT 4 - Assignment Example This paper attempts to outline and analyze the best tasks that should be applied in a historical event. An attorney in any sport event is crucial in management, planning and marketing of new events especially to outline risk management planning program. There are certain plans that a sports attorney can assist the company or an organization to succeed in a historical event that our organization is planning. Some of the tasks that are involved in the planning list may include aspects like, negotiation for contracts of the athletes, sponsorship deals, financial and taxation factors, television rights, insurance programs, and venue concessions. Each of the tasks described should have consideration on decisions that involve size, philosophy of control, and objectives of the event. It could be essential to divide the tasks to various groups to ensure that each category is properly managed. This means that subcontracting different tasks to various groups may be a desirable thing to do. Further, it is important to note that before any event is held, negotiations of various deals and issues m ust take place to ensure that responsibilities and various financial aspects are clearly outlined (Graham, Goldblatt and Neirotti, 2001). Before any sports event takes place, athletes must be engaged in negotiations of contracts to ensure that they are bound to such contract thus discipline and soberness when running the event can be experienced. Negotiation of contracts involves issues like salaries, terms of contract, date of beginning and expiry of the contract and remedies of breaching the contract. It is one of the most important task and activity in sports as it enables parties involved to run their organizations responsibly. Negotiations can involve experts or just the parties involved in the contract. Negotiation experts are usually involved to raise the bargaining power and ability of a certain party in the contract. Sponsorship deals are

Ebola Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Ebola - Essay Example The four species that cause infections in humans include Zaire ebolavirus, Sudan ebolavirus, Tai Forest ebolavirus and Bundibugyo ebolavirus (CDC, n.d). On the other hand, Reston ebolavirus is known to bring about infections among nonhuman primates. Most of the virus species highlighted above are believed to exist in large numbers across several African states, a fact that has been corroborated by the high incidence of the disease in most West African countries. It is imperative to note that the virus was first discovered in 1976, near the Ebola River in the present day Democratic Republic of Congo. According to the CDC, virologists have not yet precisely identified the natural reservoir host of Ebola virus, nonetheless, evidence has overtime pointed towards the fact that the virus is animal borne, with bats being suggested as the most likely reservoir. Ebola is generally characterized by fever, severe headache, muscle pain, paleness and lethargy. Similarly, those infected by the virus suffer from unexplained bleeding, abdominal discomfort, nausea and diarrhea. According to the CDC, the symptoms highlighted always appear between two to twenty one days after exposure to the virus, with most of the affected patients likely to show signs of the disease after eight to ten days. Given that researchers have not been able to identify major reservoir host of Ebola virus, virologists have customarily found it challenging to pinpoint the start of Ebola outbreak. Nonetheless, it is believed that the patient zero normally gets into contact with an infected animal such as a bat and a primate or an infected fruit in an incidence termed as a spillover event. Patient to patient transmission normally follows once the virus has infected the patient zero and an outbreak can occur in case the situation is not controlled early enough (CDC, n.d). It is imperative to note that Ebola outbreaks are normally worse in some regions such as Africa when the virus affects primates, for

2 Minute Monologue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

2 Minute Monologue - Essay Example Ultimately, this is not a simple t The first and most obvious step when preparing something in the kitchen is to ensure that all of the correct ingredients are on hand. Secondly, it is necessary to ensure that all baking utensils, pots, pans, mixing bowls, spoons, and other measurement instruments are also washed and ready for use (Peterson, 2006). Secondly, following the instructions and/or ingredient lists that are provided within the recipe is vital. Careful attention to detail at each and every stage can yield a far better cake than can merely quickly reading over the instructions and attempting to cut steps out at any one stage as a function of saving time. Thirdly, it must also be understood that the baking process itself is something of an art form and can differ from oven into oven. For instance, if the instructions specify a particular temperature, the results might be far different than one of them then they would be in another; even if these ovens are identical and even manufactured by the same brand. In s uch a way, approximately 10 to 15 minutes prior to the specified time being over, it is necessary for the baker/cook to test the product to ensure that uniformity of texture and mass is achieved. Oftentimes, if this is noted prior to the full time elapsed, it is necessary to remove the baked product immediately. Comparatively, if this is not noticed even after the recipe time has elapsed, it will be necessary to leave the product in the oven to bake for an even longer period of time. In short, what has been defined is a labor-intensive process involves both attention to detail and constant conscientiousness in order for a superior product to be created. Ultimately, this is not a simple process; even though it may appear as somewhat simple. It is precisely these determinants, as well as the unique tools required, which helps to separate the part-time/casual baker from

Ebola Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Ebola - Essay Example The four species that cause infections in humans include Zaire ebolavirus, Sudan ebolavirus, Tai Forest ebolavirus and Bundibugyo ebolavirus (CDC, n.d). On the other hand, Reston ebolavirus is known to bring about infections among nonhuman primates. Most of the virus species highlighted above are believed to exist in large numbers across several African states, a fact that has been corroborated by the high incidence of the disease in most West African countries. It is imperative to note that the virus was first discovered in 1976, near the Ebola River in the present day Democratic Republic of Congo. According to the CDC, virologists have not yet precisely identified the natural reservoir host of Ebola virus, nonetheless, evidence has overtime pointed towards the fact that the virus is animal borne, with bats being suggested as the most likely reservoir. Ebola is generally characterized by fever, severe headache, muscle pain, paleness and lethargy. Similarly, those infected by the virus suffer from unexplained bleeding, abdominal discomfort, nausea and diarrhea. According to the CDC, the symptoms highlighted always appear between two to twenty one days after exposure to the virus, with most of the affected patients likely to show signs of the disease after eight to ten days. Given that researchers have not been able to identify major reservoir host of Ebola virus, virologists have customarily found it challenging to pinpoint the start of Ebola outbreak. Nonetheless, it is believed that the patient zero normally gets into contact with an infected animal such as a bat and a primate or an infected fruit in an incidence termed as a spillover event. Patient to patient transmission normally follows once the virus has infected the patient zero and an outbreak can occur in case the situation is not controlled early enough (CDC, n.d). It is imperative to note that Ebola outbreaks are normally worse in some regions such as Africa when the virus affects primates, for

The community ecology of the organism Research Paper

The community ecology of the organism - Research Paper Example The community ecology of the organism Sea otters are keystone predators, whose presence has a far-reaching influence on the marine food web by affecting the populations of sea urchins, which indirectly affects the populations of kelp forests & other marine organisms. There has been a steep decline in sea otter populations due to water pollution and exploitation for furs. This has affected marine ecology adversely. It is therefore suggested that sea otters should be included in the endangered species list to protect them from further exploitation. This study focuses on the community ecology of sea otters and their impact on marine ecology. The need for their inclusion in the Endangered Species list and implications of such an intervention are also evaluated. Community ecology Sea otters predate on many herbivorous invertebrates, including sea urchins. Sea urchins feed on kelps, which are an important habitat for fishes and other marine organisms. A high population of sea urchins has an adverse effect on kelp forests. Sinc e sea otters predate upon sea urchins, their populations are kept in check. â€Å"This reduces the grazing pressure on kelp, facilitating macroalgal growth† (Laidre). Therefore, sea otters play an indirect, yet vital role in the preservation of kelp forests. This in turn protects kelp forests and other macroalgae, which would have otherwise been depleted due to grazing by sea urchins.in turn protects kelp forests and other macroalgae, which would have otherwise been depleted due to grazing by sea urchins. â€Å"Where sea otters abound so do lush kelp forests, and where sea otters are absent the habitat is typically deforested by hyperabundant sea urchins† (Soule et al 1240). The significance of this interaction can be wholly surmised only when the importance of kelp forests is understood. â€Å"Kelp forests are a source of food and habitat for dozens of other coastal species† (Soule et al 1240). Innumerable coastal marine organisms thrive on kelp forests, enhanc ing biodiversity of the region. Therefore, to maintain the diversity and richness of coastal marine ecology, sea otters should be preserved, who indirectly lead to the preservation of kelps. Impact of sea otters on community ecology The presence or absence of sea otters influences marine ecology at the community-level. Studies have shown that kelp forests enhance the underwater environment, providing a suitable habitat for fishes. The declining kelp beds in California in the mid 1900’s propelled the Kelp Habitat Improvement Project, whereby attempts were made to eliminate sea urchins that are primary predators of kelps. Studies showed that the elimination of sea otters during the 1800s from the Californian waters might be responsible for the dwindling numbers of kelp forests. Further studies have also shown that the population density of sea otters affects seaweed biodiversity too. In a study conducted in Alaska on three different bays, the Torch Bay, Deer Harbor and the Surg e Bay, it was found that â€Å"the presence of sea otters led to a decrease in the population of sea urchins, which led to an increase in the population of seaweeds† (â€Å"Interaction with kelps & sea otters†). In addition, it was also found that annual kelps predominated the areas where sea otters were present, and perennial kelps predominated in areas that had lesser sea otter populations (qtd. in â€Å"Interaction with kelps & sea otters†). As is evident, sea otters are vital for maintenance of kelp communities that are primary habitats of other coastal marine

Alcohol consumption Essay Example for Free

Alcohol consumption Essay Drinking too much – on a single occasion or over time – can take a serious toll on your health. Here’s how alcohol can affect your body: Brain: Alcohol interferes with the brain’s communication pathways, and can affect the way the brain looks and works. These disruptions can change mood and behavior, and make it harder to think clearly and move with coordination. Heart: Drinking a lot over a long time or too much on a single occasion can damage the heart, causing problems including: †¢CARDIOMYOPATHY – STRETCHING AND DROOPING OF HEART MUSCLE †¢ARRHYTHMIAS – IRREGULAR HEART BEAT. †¢STROKE †¢HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE Research also shows that drinking moderate amounts of alcohol may protect healthy adults from developing coronary heart disease. Liver: Heavy drinking takes a toll on the liver, and can lead to a variety of problems and liver inflammations including: †¢STEATOSIS, OR FATTY LIVER †¢ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS †¢FIBROSIS †¢CIRRHOSIS Pancreas: Alcohol causes the pancreas to produce toxic substances that can eventually lead to pancreatitis, a dangerous inflammation and swelling of the blood vessels in the pancreas that prevents proper digestion. Cancer: Drinking too much alcohol can increase your risk of developing certain cancers, including cancers of the: †¢MOUTH †¢ESOPHAGUS †¢THROAT †¢LIVER †¢BREAST Immune System: Drinking too much can weaken your immune system, making your body a much easier target for disease. Chronic drinkers are more liable to contract diseases like pneumonia and tuberculosis than people who do not drink too much. Drinking a lot on a single occasion slows your body’s ability to ward off infections – even up to 24 hours after getting drunk Consequences of drinking too much Alcohol enters your bloodstream as soon as you take your first sip. Alcohol’s immediate effects can appear within about 10 minutes. As you drink, you increase your blood alcohol concentration (BAC) level, which is the amount of alcohol present in your bloodstream. The higher your BAC, the more impaired you become by alcohol’s effects. These effects can include.

Title IX: A long-term debate Essay -- Journalism Journalistic Essays

Title IX: A long-term debate Every year incoming college freshman go to their new college or university expecting to find their favorite sport, but sometimes due to lack of participation the sport is not there. In some case, the federal law Title IX is to blame as in the case of Zalikah Lewis, a sophomore at Pine Manor College, an all women's College in Chestnut Hill. Although she wouldn't join the swim team, she does enjoy the sport and was surprised that the sport wasn't offered while the school had most other popular sports. Thirty-one years ago, with the rise in revenue and attendance at collegiate sports, the federal government implemented a Title IX program that would established opportunities for men and women in colleges for their programs and academics. A major emphasis on the program has gone to schools athletic programs, to share the funds and sporting teams equally. There is a debate over whether the teams are really split fairly or are some of the more successful male teams get prominence over women's teams. "I think women's sports are getting better," said Charmaine Steele, a junior women's basketball player at Quinnipiac University in Hamden, Connecticut. "Some sports are better to watch on the women's side than the men's side. The sports world is slowly moving away from the men. Yes it's still a man's world but not for long," she added. "In athletics there are more males than females; therefore, it shouldn't mean that men should limit their numbers considering that the population of males is a lot higher than that of females," said Lewis. Title IX states that "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subj... ...h earned 66,943 and a women's coach earned 63,000. The differences in salaries have also been a topic of discussion when it comes to Title IX. Although it is still a controversial law in the U.S. Title IX does not seem as it will be going away anytime soon. Colleges and universities have both benefited and been at a loss due to Title IX. The program was set up to open opportunities for all and its true results may not be seen for years. Each person that Title IX affects will have a different reaction to it. Some people will see the good it causes but many will see it as a program killer. Until a full proof way of gender equality is found, every year that Title IX is in effect controversy will follow it. "I think that Title IX is a good thing as it creates equality. Anything that creates opportunities for women and minorities is a good thing," said DeFilippo.

The World Trade Organization Where It’s Been and Where’s It’s Going? Es

The World Trade Organization Where It’s Been and Where’s It’s Going? Since the start of trade in the United States and around the world there has always been a need for rules and regulations. The GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) was the one for the past century that dealt with issues that would arise they wrote rules on things that were acceptable and not acceptable in the trade arena. Out of the GATT came the World Trade Organization (WTO) that was designed to take care of more issues than GATT. Although the WTO has only been around for almost a decade it has come under criticism from almost all arenas. They have had issues brought to their table that have been hard decisions and now have issues they must deal with that could affect the way free trade is in the future. Countries have battled amongst each other as how to solve a problem such as The Beef Hormone Case, The Shrimp Turtle case and the Caribbean Banana Case. These were case that will be discussed later, but have set a kind of foundation for the WTO as to where they will b e headed in the future. Agriculture has become a hot issue in the international market and the WTO is still trying to find ways to accommodate the developed countries and develop further growth in the developing nations. The World Trade Organization is also stepping into new territory and the future is no exception. The World Trade Organization The World Trade Organization was developed in 1995 out of what was known as the Uruguay Round. Although GATT set rules they mostly dealt with issues just involving simple trade of goods and the distribution of tariffs. The WTO has a more broad job than the GATT; â€Å"†¦it oversees multilateral agreements relating not just to good, but... ... the job that they were made to do under the GATT regulations. The future will tell a lot about the WTO and free trade because so many things are brought to the table that eventually the World Trade Organization is going to need some form of help to make adequate decisions for the world. BIBLIOGRAPHY Diao, Xinshen, Terry Roe and Agapi Somwaru. â€Å"Developing Country Interests in Agricultural Reforms Under the World Trade Organization.† American Journal of Economics v.84, n3 (August 2002): 782-90 Irwin, Douglas. Free Trade Under Fire. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2002. Josling, Tim. â€Å"Key Issues in the World Trade Organization Negotiations on Agriculture.† American Journal of Agricultural Economics v.85, n3 (August 2003): 663-667 Working Group on the WTO/MAI. â€Å"A Citizen’s Guide to the World Trade Organization† (July 1999): 1-28

How is 1984 terrifying? Essay

This brings in the relationships between Winston and Oi Brien. At first, they seem to have taken to each other, but in the end we find out that Oi Brien double-crossed Winston and that he couldni t trust someone he thought was his friend. The party did not want people to trust or have feelings for one another. A perfect example is, in the ministry of love, where a chinless man dropped a piece of bread for a starving fellow inmate. The man (who dropped the bread) was immediately punished, by being beaten until he bled. A normal person, in the ‘starving inmatei s positioni would have felt indebted to the man, as he was punished for trying to feed him, but moments after guards came in to take the inmate who was given the bread immediately betrayed the man who gave him the bread. Telling the guards to take him (chinless) to room 101 instead. This would have surely pleased Big Brother, as the eradication of friendship would be the partyi s main goal. When the request was not replied, the man pleaded that they rather slit throat of his wife and all his children than send him to room 101. This man was betraying his own family members. This would have pleased Big Brother. People came to the conclusion that one could not trust anybody in fear that they would report them to the thought police, where one would be vaporised. This was true when dealing with peoplei s families. In the ministry of love when Winston meets Parson who tells him how his daughter betrayed him when she heard him talking of overthrowing the party in his sleep. Other families were destroyed by the loss of respect between parents and children. People were refusing to obey their parents, as Big Brother encouraged them to do. The relationships between lovers were also controlled by the party, as they annihilate all the pleasures and desires of having sex and even promote artificial insemination. The party did not like sex as when two people share the experience they begin to love each other. The party then begins to put negative thought behind the idea of sex. This is illustrated during the two minutes that Winston describes Julia as â€Å"sexless†. During the relationship, Julia and Winston have to meet in secret. When they meet in secret from directions passed to each other on a note, so the prying eyes of the Telescreen do not catch them. This is particularly scary as nowadays, love is seen as a beautiful thing, not a secret affair. The last and final terrifying aspect of â€Å"nineteen eighty-four†, is the idea of all the power that Big Brother holds. Big Brother is a dictator with so much power that he is able to make people love him and fear him all at the same time. He controls them. The most dangerous thing about it is that Orwell does not really tell us whether or not Big Brother exists as he is Hitler, Stalin and Lenin all rolled into one, this time unstoppable, making it more real to readers as these are real people. Orwell believed that there would be a communist leader that would practise capitalism and still rule. This is exactly what Big Brother did. Orwell blends the terrifying aspects that the people experienced of communism and capitalism in his portrayal of Big brotheri s totalitarianism. Orwell describes the situation of the people in great detail when he wrote the description of the lives led by the people. Although the conditions were very poor, The party convinced people conditions fourty years ago, conditions were worse and that Big Brother was improving things. ‘Day and night, the Telescreen bruised peoplei s ears with news and information of how [people] were better off than people fourty years ago. i Because of all this propaganda making Big Brother seem like a God, Big Brother was able to scare people into hating the people that were a threat to the party. People like Goldstein. This was the reason of the two minutes hate. The two-minute hate was another example of the lack of individuality. Every party member was forced to take part. During the two minutes hate, people were watched for signs of â€Å"Unorthodox behaviour. † In the event, Winston sees Julia. He then has fantasies about her. These fantasies, although full of hateful thoughts, illustrate the passion he feels for her, but the fact that he thinks of being with her in these horrible scenarios, shows the way that Big Brother is able to control feelings. What I mean is when one person lusts after another, they have fantasies of being together in a place they would describe as paradise. They do not want to rape them in horrific scenes. The amount of passion he feels for Julia makes him want to be with her, but because he cani t, he has built up anger and hatred inside him. The picture of Goldstein shown in these two minutes, conjures up hate for the people. This is important, as people like Goldstein and his followers, the proles, were the biggest threat to the party. The people saw the proles as outcasts and propaganda made the people hate them. This is similar to the propaganda Hitler used against the Jews in the late 1930i s, so the people are able to relate. It was easy for Big Brother to make the people do this, as the people could not remember what life was like without a ruler (like Big Brother) to tell them what to do. Big Brother eliminated the past by destroying records and rewrote it. People, especially party members could not have memories. They were completely under Big Brotheri s control. In conclusion there are many terrifying aspects, but none more terrifying than the other is. Each is terrifying in iti s own way and all point to the fact that most of these things did, could have, and could still happen. Orwell realised this and that inspired him to write an ‘account of the futurei which is what â€Å"nineteen eighty-four† was to him and others living in 1949. Although terrifying now, these things would have been more terrifying in 1949, because, the things Orwell described had happened to them in some form. For example, the threats of labour camps, them being told that the Jews (Goldstein) were the enemy, capitalist dictatorship. So this book would have been the terrifying reality to the people of that time. At the time this novel was written, the Russian revolution and World War II was the reality and these things were happening in Russia. So in answer to the question, this novel would have been much more terrifying in 1949, because to them this book was real life.

Role of a Butler

Throughout history, the word â€Å"butler† has always been associated with service. The dictionary defines a butler as â€Å"The principal manservant of a household. † This definition remains true even when the butler is employed in a hotel. When a guest checks in and has occupied his suite, then this becomes his household. The butler caring for him becomes the â€Å"manager† of the suite (household) and in effect an employee of the guest. Services butlers offer differ from place to place, but their activities are basically centered around making the guest more comfortable and sparing them from having to do tedious and time consuming task. A hotel butler is an ambassador who sells the hotel just as much as anyone else and should be considered a key player in a team of professionals striving to deliver a level of personalized service that exceeds not only the expectation of the guest but will add a point of difference from the service provided anywhere else. Butlers are trained to provide a very personal, and detailed service to their guests. Their main function is to take care of their guest requests, bookings, reservations, problems, complaints, supervise and co-ordinate every service that the guest receives in suite and to ensure guest satisfaction by paying attention to the smallest detail from arrival to departure. Butlers are given the awesome responsibility of contacting guests before arrival to determine their wishes and ensure everything that they like and want to do is arranged before their arrival. They personally greet guests on arrival, take care of their needs and introduce them to the facilities if they are not familiar with them. They ensure suites are ready, they unpack their suitcases, iron, clean and mend anything that is broken. They provide whatever room service needs the guests may have, from making reservations, purchasing items, bringing and serving food. Butlers are often expected to provide morning wake up drinks, lay out clothes, and keep the guest moving smoothly from one engagement to another. When the time comes to leave, the butler packs the suitcases and ensures a smooth departure. Having developed a close relationship with the guests, he then stays in touch and ensures the guest returns. A good butler should be multi-skilled and possess certain natural character traits in order to excel at his or her job. They need to possess good organizational skills and communication skills so they can carry out their tasks and perform their job in an efficient manner. They should be flexible and accommodating to a guest’s needs; capable of dealing with people of all ages and from different cultures; friendly, loyal and very subtle and unobtrusive. They have a responsibility to take ownership of any problems while removing worries and chores from the guest experience; and in the same breath foster that one of a kind unique relationship with them. As an individual who has developed a passion for guest satisfaction and one who works tirelessly in delivering flawless services in a highly professional manner, I am convinced that the role of a butler is an excellent job opportunity for me and I most certainly do possess all the above mentioned character traits that exemplifies a superb butler.

Terror and Repression in Nazi Germany

One of the key proponents of Nazi ideology was a promise to birth a new Germany. This promise of national rebirth resonated strongly in the early 1930s, when the Weimar Republic was shaken to the core by economic and political crisis. At the centre of the Nazi vision stood the ‘national community’, depicted as the polar opposite to the conflict- ridden Weimar society. In a speech witnessed by the nation in January 1932, one year before his appointment as German chancellor, Adolf Hitler concluded that the resurrection of Germany depended on the creation of a ‘healthy, national, and strong’ community.But Hitler made clear that not everyone would be allowed to join: those who endangered the ‘body of the people’ had to be ruthlessly excluded. This was no joke. Hitler and other Nazi leaders had talked for years about the need to ‘cleanse’ Germany of various ‘community aliens’ (Gemeinschaftsfremde). Only by removing from soci ety all that was alien, sick, and dangerous, they claimed, could the uniform ‘national community’ emerge. Nazi leaders had no complete plan for the execution of their devastating vision.But it was clear that they envisaged, from early on, a fierce campaign of repression, targeting three groups in particular: political opponents (predominately left), social outcasts, and ‘racial aliens’ (Jews). Well before they gained power, the Nazis believed that an extensive policy of exclusion was needed for national salvation: their dream of a brighter future for Germany was always a dream of terror and destruction for those unfortunate enough to stand in the way.After Adolf Hitler was appointed chancellor of Germany on January 30, 1933, he took every opportunity to turn Germany into a one-party dictatorship. He also strategized carefully to arrange the police power necessary to implement his long-term policies of racial purification and European conquest both inside an d outside the legalities of the German constitution. On the night of February 27-28, 1933, a mentally disabled Dutch citizen set fire to the German parliament building, the Reichstag.Hitler and his propaganda minister, Joseph Goebbels, presented the incident as the prelude to an armed Communist uprising and persuaded the then President Paul von Hindenburg to establish what became a permanent state of emergency. This decree, known as the Reichstag Fire Decree, suspended the provisions of the German constitution that protected basic individual rights, including freedom of the press, freedom of speech, and freedom of assembly.The decree also allowed increased state and police intervention into private life, allowing officials to censor mail, listen in on phone conversations, and search private homes without a warrant or need to show reasonable cause. Essentially, the lives of all German citizens were controlled, and repression was vehemently practiced. Under the state of emergency esta blished by the decree, the Nazi regime could seize and detain citizens without reason and without restrictions on the length of imprisonment.Nazi policy against those on the borders of society involved various forms of discrimination. Social outcasts were excluded from an ever increasing number of benefits—from marriage loans to social housing—and those still on welfare had their benefits cut dramatically. Numerous cities established special ‘colonies’ where ‘anti-social’ and ‘degenerate’ families, were forced to live in a strictly controlled environment. On top of this, regional and national centers were set up to collect data on suspected individuals, such as abortionists and homosexuals.This was not just about keeping an eye on them. It was also supposed to aid their detention, and inject even more terror into a country stricken with it. Hitler and the Nazi regime also resorted to simple and extra-legal terror to intimidate opp onents (in a political sense). Nazi paramilitary formations, such as the Sturmabteilungen or SA, more commonly known as Storm Troopers and the Protection Squads (Schutzstaffel or SS), had been established during the 1920s to terrorize political opponents and to protect Nazi leaders.After the Nazis came to power, many members of these units were recruited as auxiliary policemen and given license to beat or kill persons at any given time, who they deemed to be opponents. Gleichschaltung was a word made up by the Nazis to describe their plans to establish totalitarian control over German political, economic and social life. By 1934, almost 1 million Germans gathered around the nation to declare a personal oath of loyalty to Hitler. For those who were not so enthusiastic, the Nazi reign of terror began almost immediately.Following their assumption of power, the Nazisswayed the state via propaganda, legal exclusion, intimidation, imprisonment and murder to eliminate any opposition to the ir revolution. After the Reichstag fire, socialists, communists and Democrats were taken to Dachau, one of the first Nazi concentration camps. The brutal reputation of Himmler’s secret police ensured that people who did not actively support the Nazis were too frightened to oppose them. While Gleichschaltung was used to describe the legal measures taken by Hitler and the Nazis from 1933 to 1934, this process continued until all aspects of German society were under Nazi control.By 1937, the Nazis controlled Germans’ political, cultural and social lives to an unprecedented degree. â€Å"The period from 1933 to around 1937 was characterized by the systematic elimination of non-Nazi organizations that could potentially influence people, such as trade unions and political parties. The regime also challenged the influence of the churches, for example by instituting the Ministry of Ecclesiastical Affairs under Hanns Kerrl. Organizations that the administration could not elimi nate, such as the schools, came under its direct control. †

Psychological reaserch methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Psychological reaserch methods - Essay Example For the purposes of this study, and determining the effect of attention on these elements, perception is defined as that which makes visual information available, and cognition is the uses of that visual information. This is significant in this study because of the questions related to when does perception cease and cognitive processing begin. Subjects were recruited from the New York City public school system, and all were tested with standardized methods to obtain an experimental group which demonstrated moderate reading disability. This was determined by using a selection criterion of scoring between 0.5 SD and 1.0 SD below national mean scores; one parameter of the study was to focus on mild-to-moderate reading disability (rather than severe) given the authors' perception that this group has been neglected in the area of therapeutic efficacy. Informed consent was obtained from both the parents and the children, and was approved by an independent review board. The methodology was to use a battery of standardized attention tests to determine the level of reading disability and, once the parameters had been set, to divide the qualified population into two groups; control and test subject. The control group received no therapy between the initial and final rounds of testing, and the experimental group received 12 one-hour weekly sessions of computer-based reading comprehension therapy. At the end of the 12 week study period, both groups were re-tested and the results compared. The analysis of the study was thorough, and utilized relevant literature and previous studies to provide scope and comment. While the authors recognize the need for further study in various areas, the results indicated that attention skills are measurable, attention therapy improves attention, and that the experimental group outscored the control group. The only additional elements that I might add to this research would be to expand it beyond its limited scope to include the evaluation of other attention deficit factors. The limitations to this study included a relatively small sample size, using an experimental methodology in a first-step study, and the inherent uncertainty related to attention studies generally. I think the researchers were thorough and appropriate, in their methodology, ethical in their application, correct in their analysis, and validated their hypothesis. The study itself was presented logically, clearly, and comports with the standard research reporting regimen of practitioners at this level. References Solan, H.A., Shelley-Tremblay, J., Ficarra, A., Silverman, M., & Larson, S. (2003).Effect of attention therapy on reading comprehen

Response Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Response - Assignment Example ial component of the educational system and the way their responsibilities and training have changed over the decades makes them an active participant in the evolving educational system of the present and future. The school principal is the architect of a students educational life. He is the person who dictates what subjects are to be taught and how. He holds in his hands, the power to educate or dumb down his students. The Wallace Report has proven that principals have slowly come to embrace the fact that just because they are administrators, that does not mean they are no longer educators. Thanks to their continuous training programs, the students of the future will continue to benefit from the skills of principals who concentrate more on the educational welfare of their students rather than the financial bottom line of the school districts. Overall, I learned a lot from this study about how a principal should perform his job as an administrator. As such, my first order of business is to ensure the quality of education and teaching that the children in my school receive. I have to work towards the end result of having no child left behind in the educational system before making sure that my school is running within its budget and other requirements of the school district. The Wallace Foundation published a book or rather, the results of their decade long research into what makes for an effective learning environment in schools. With the publication of â€Å" The School Principal as Leader: Guiding Schools to Better Teaching and learning, they try to answer key questions that are relevant to the quality of education that our students receive. Their data came back as clear as daylight. The school principal is the most important person within the existing school system. The weight of the quality of education delivered by a school is reliant upon his effective administrative and educator skills. Every parent has a vision of what the perfect school system should be

Contributory Role of Richard Cantillon, A R J Turgot and Jean-Baptiste Essay

Contributory Role of Richard Cantillon, A R J Turgot and Jean-Baptiste Say Towards Austrian Economics - Essay Example It was in the early fifteenth century when a group of experts and their followers began to emphasize on the process of depicting and quantifying the human actions with the guidance of specific trends. These trends and the explanations of those were further described as theories. Notably, it was in this era that academicians observed human actions to be executed in a law as a reaction towards situational changes. These laws were found to be more apparent amid people when transacting with monetary values (Schulak & Unterkofler, 2011). Notably, the Austrian School can be recognized as one of the foundations of European economic schools of thought. The European schools of thought are often noted to be based on two contradictory dimensions among which one is the Austrian School and the other is the German Historical School (Taylor, 1980). Similar to other stream of theories focusing on the human characteristic and nature, the theoretical emulsion of Austrian School happened through variou s phases and stages presenting new challenges for the then economists to manipulate into comprehensive, structured and rationale methodologies. Certainly, the then economists were few of the early academicians with insignificant theories to develop relevant methodologies and thus had to depend on their understandings, perceptions and theoretical knowledge. Moreover, the economists during that time period considered the value of theories to be more relevant and beneficial than referring to the historical courses. This led to numerous contradictory view points as concluded by the then economists and thus rendered a mixed and widely diverse explanation of the economic activities. It is in this context that modern economists grew conscious regarding the need of a generally accepted framework to theoretically describe the economic methodologies, lack of which can result to similar contradictions as was noticed in the case of Austrian School. It is quite noteworthy in this context that th e challenges faced by Austrian economists during the development phases of Austrian School was far more greater than the challenges faced by contemporary economists with due consideration to the then economic philosophy. Furthermore, it is due to this reason that the contribution of economists in developing the Austrian School was recognized to be inevitable and highly appreciable (Gloria & Palarmo, 1999). However, only a handful of economists consider themselves as a part of Austrian School providing larger focus on the criticism of the methodologies presented by Austrian economists (Holcombe, 1999). The relationship existing between the contemporary economic values and traditional economic values with regards to Austrian School tends to be quite distinct. As was noted by Holcombe (1999), even though the modern economics methodologies tend to criticize the Austrian School from various perspectives considering its applications in the academic as well as in public policy making, the contemporary beliefs and theories are becoming increasingly similar to that of the Austrian School. However, it is certainly neither with due consideration nor as a result of the influence perceived by the Austrian economists. It is also not due to the changes occurred in the Austrian School. From an in-depth point of view, the inclination of modern economics towards Austrian School can be observed as the changes occurring in the contemporary economic methodologies. In other words, the perspective of modern economists are emerging to be more similar to the methodologies presented in the Austrian School but in a complex and furthermore in a practical manner (Holcombe, 1999). Multiple researches can be obtained

Cadbury plc UK division- Global Strategy analyses Case Study

Cadbury plc UK division- Global Strategy analyses - Case Study Example The present opportunities for Cadburry UK Division chocolate sector and its possible growth are considered and evaluated with the competitors'. This also examines the competitive and technological advancement threats the company receives from its rival competitors. SWOT Analysis Using the SWOT analysis and the SFAS matrix, the subsequent TOWS Matrix relating to the company's strategies in significant internal and external factors that poses effects to its performance and position in the chocolate market are as indicated below. This also includes the strategies the firm should adapt to leverage in order to achieve current and future growth and get a better position over its rivals. Internal Factors Strengths Weaknesses Strategies for Strength Opportunities Strategies for Weakness Opportunities Opportunities Maximize production to optimize on the benefits of the raising market. Integrate company brand for expansion and growth in emerging markets. Achieve growth through new acquisitions and mergers with other companies. Optimize the benefit of increasing market and increase sales by reducing prices of best selling products. Increase profits through new and up coming markets Target on research and development to reduce cost and increase profits Increase profit margin via Innovations and fresh products Threats Strategies for Strength Threats Leverage to differentiate Brand Venture into innovations to target higher profit margin Invest in research and innovations to produce new products attractive to customers. Optimize production in high selling products while reducing production of law market products. Strategies for... Looking at everything that has been stated above the company has a very strong portfolio of products. And each of the products and the product lines is in a different stage of the product life cycle, thus making it extremely necessary for the business to understand each of the different products, their markets and their potential thoroughly. This is necessary because the unique nature of the portfolio calls for different strategies to be adopted for the different products in the portfolio. As seen in the BCG matrix, the Ansoff and GE/McKinsey Matrix, the organization can undertake a host of different strategies to increase the profits that are reaped from the product lines and also to reinvest and in different activities such as research and development activities that will help the organisation to develop newer products to replace others that are now spent and in the decline stage and also to ensure that the present products that are bringing in the profits will increase their marke t share, or defend their market share in a manner that would only increase the future profits of the organisation. In summary the outlook for Cadbury’s internal and external environment is very good. The strengths of the organisation are very good when compared to the weaknesses and likewise the macro environmental conditions that are prevalent are very conducive to the company even in these difficult economic times.